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THE 


NAUTILUS 


A  QUAKTERLY  JOURNAL 

DEVOTED  TO  THE  INTERESTS 

OF  CONCHOLOGISTS 


VOL.  55 
JULY,  1941  to  APRIL,  1942 


EDITORS  AND  PUBLISHERS 

HENRY  A.  PILSBRY 

Curator  of  the  Department  of  MoUusks  and  Marine  Invertebrate*. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 

H.  BURRINGTON  BAKER 

Professor  of  Zoology,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

FHiLADBLrniA,  Pa. 


THE  SCIENCE   IMIKS8    1-UINTINO   COMl'ANY 
LANCA8TEU,    I'ENNSYLVAN  I A 


CONTENTS 

Names  of  new  genera  and  species  in  italics 

Aeolidia  papillosa.  feeding  of 80 

Alabama,  Land  mollusks  of  Coosa  Co 4 

Aligena  aequata  Conrad  48 

Aligena  eerritensis  Arnold 49 

Aligena  nueea  Dall  49 

Aligena  redondoensis  Burch 50 

Aligena,  survey  of  "West  American 48 

American  Malacological  Union 70 

Amnicola  proserpina  Hubricht 105 

Anguispira  alternata  carinata  P.  &  R 23 

Anguispira,  notes  on  21 

Annulariidae,  Cuban 34 

Anodonta  bahlikiana  Pallary  20 

Anodonta  grandis,  hermaphroditism  108 

Anodonta  vescoiana  Bgt 20 

Apolymetis,  not  Myrsus 64 

Area  incongrua,  sculpture  of 142 

Arion  circumscriptus  in  Michigan  61 

Bahama  Conchological  Society 144 

Bartlettia  in  Paraguay  93 

Boriqucna  H.  B.  Baker  26 

Bulimulus  alternatus  mariae  in  Alabama 32 

Cerion  in  Bermuda  104 

Conus  echinulatus  Kiener 43 

Corbula,  sculpture  of 142 

Cosmomenus  H.  B.  Baker 52,     54 

Cooperella  subdiaphana  Cpr 113 

Cyphoma  mcgintyi  rohustior  Bayer 45 

Cypraea  exanthema  and  cervus 44 

Deroceras  on  Baffin  Island  30 

Deroceras  reticulatum  (Miill.)  67 

Diplodonta  orbella  Old Ill 

Discus,  notes  on  21 


111 


5724  i- 


IV  THE   NAUTILUS 

Epitonium  subcoronatum  Cpr 47 

Epitoniiim  tinctiim  (Cpr.)  46 

Epiionium  tinctum  hormanni  Strong 47 

Euglandina  flammulata  H.  B.  Baker 56 

Englandina  delicatula  montivaga  H.  B.  Baker 58 

Euglandina  saxatilis  H.  B.  Baker 57 

Euglandina  saxatilis  convallis  H.  B.  Baker 58 

Euglandina  pupa  H.  B.  Baker 57 

Ghiesbreghtia  H.  B.  Baker  52,     54 

Guillarmodia  H.  B.  Baker 52,     54 

Gymnoceniruni  Pilsbry  105 

Gyraulus  cressmani  Baker 130 

Haplotrema  minimum  Ancey,  habits  of 98 

Helix  laetea  Miill.  in  California  31 

Helix  nemoralis  L.  in  California 31 

Helminthoglypta  californiensis  (Lea)  65 

Helminthoglypta  umbilieata,  abnormal  107 

Hypsolia  tangi  Chen 17 

Johnsonia  107 

Japonia  barbata  Gld 41 

Japonia  musiva  Gld 42 

Labels,  remarks  about  119 

Laevarieella  glabra  (Pfr.)  30 

Laevaricella  intorrupta  (Shuttl.)  29 

Laevarieella  playa  H.  B.  Baker 20 

Lagochilus,  Chinese  species  of 40 

Lake  Baikal,  excursions  to  133 

Limpkin,  food  of  3,  125 

Liocentrum  Pilsbry  105 

Lithophaga  plumula  Hanley 109 

Litiopa  melanostoma  Hang 125 

Lohiger  pilshryi  Schwengel  40 

Long  Beach  Shell  Club  103 

Lymnaea  auricularia  L.  in  Washington 18,  105 

Lymnaea  stagnalis  L 105 

MargincUa  hartlcyana  Schwengel  65 

Melaniella  Pfr 25,     26 

Mexico,  collecting  in  113 


THE   NAUTILUS  V 

Midway  Island  shells 1 

Jlitra  l"or«riisoni  Sowb 78 

Mitra  florida  Gld 45,  78 

Mitra  florida,  livinp: 144 

Moniliopsis  jrrippi  Dall  141 

Myrsus  H.  &  A.  Adams 64 

Naesiotus  quitensis  antisana  Rehder 103 

Natica  sulcata  Born 45 

Oleaeinidae,  outline  of  American 51 

Oleaeinidae,  Puerto  Rican 24 

Oleacinaf  camcrata  H.  B.  Baker 55 

Oldroyd,  Ida  Sliepard  140 

Oliva,  corded 66 

Olivella  pycna  Berry 92 

Olivella  biplicata,  color  variation 10 

Obstructio  Haas  31 

Parapholyx  effusa  klamathensis  Baker 16 

Parapholyx  packardi  corrugata  Baker 132 

Psychiatrist's  notes  on  shells 75 

Pecten  imhricatus  mildredae  Bayer 46,  106 

Pine  woods  as  habitat  for  land  mollusks 94 

Pittieria  arhorea  H.  B.  Baker  59 

Pteranodon 64 

Proameria  H.  B.  Baker  52,  54 

Pomacea  paludosa  Say 3,  125 

Pyrene  mercatoria  (L.)  44 

Samarangria  quadrangularis  A.  &  R 73 

Shelter  used  by  snails 13 

Shuttleworthia  H.  B.  Baker  52,  55 

Sigmataxis  laeviusculus  (C.  B.  Ad.)  28 

Simjlexja  H.  B.  Baker 52,  54 

Sinistral  p:astropods  102 

South  African  non-marine  Mollusca 62 

Streptostyla  nicoleti  atypica  H.  B.  Baker 55 

Succinea  oralis,  sinistral  67 

Sculpture  of  inaequivalve  mollusks 142 

Tappan,  Benjamin  66 

Tectarius  muricatus  (L.)  in  New  England 33 


VI  THE    NAUTILUS 

Tritonalia  beta  (Cpr.)  Dall  141 

Tritonalia  interfossa  minor  Dall  141 

Tropicorbis  Pilsbr.y  31 

Trophon  diazi  Durham  122 

Trophon  lorenzoensis  Durham  123 

Urocoptis  scohinata  perfecta  Pils 104 

Utah,  field  notes  from  68 

Utah  records  143 

Vagavarix  H.  B.  Baker 25 

Varicella,  anatomy  and  system 24 

Varicella  calderoni  H.  B.  Baker  27 

Varicella  leucozonias  striatella  Pils 26 

Varicella  portoricensis  (Pfr.)   27 

Varicella  sporadica  H.  B.  Baker 28 

Varicella  sulculosa  (Shuttl.)  28 

Varicella  vicina  portlandensis  H.  B.  Baker 27 

Venus  quadrangularis  Adams  &  Reeve 74 

Vitrinella  guaymasensis  Durham 124 

Vitrinella  tihuronensis  Durham 124 

Viviparns,  American  species 82 

Viviparus  georfjianus  walkeri  P.  &  J 115 

Viviparus  malleatus  Rve.  in  Niagara  River 102 

Zonitid  snails  of  Pacific  Is 35 

Zoogenetes  harpa  (Say)  in  Rocky  Mts 97 

INDEX  OF  AUTHORS 

Archer,  Allan  F 4,  94 

Baily,  Joslnia  L.,  Jr 102 

Baker,  Frank  C 16,  104,  130 

Baker,  H.  Burrington  24,  34,  51 

Bayer,   Ted    43,  78,  106 

Blake,  J.  Henry  33 

Borinaini.  Ralj>li  140 

Burch,  Tom    48 

Carcelles,  Alberto 93 

Chace,  E.  P 65 

Chen,  Sui-Fong 17 


THE    NAUTILUS  VU 

Clench,  William  J 73 

Cockerel!.  T.  D.  A 62 

Cottam,  Clarence  125 

Durham,  J.  Wyatt 120 

Eyerdam.  W.  J 18,  133 

Gifford,  D.  S.  &  E.  W 10,  66,     92 

Goodrich,  Calvin  66,  82,  115,  119 

Gray,  Arthur  F 104 

Grefrgr,  Wendell  0 143 

Haas,  Fritz  20,  21,  109 

Harper.  Francis  3 

Hill.  Howard  R 21 

Hubricht,  Leslie  105 

Ingram,  Marcus 13,  32,  67,     98 

Lindermann.  Leona  104 

MacMillan.  Gordon  K 21,  32,     68 

Marsh,  Phil  L 97 

McLean,  Richard  A 143 

Moore,  Merrill  75 

Oughton,  John 30 

Palmer.  Katherine  V.  W 128 

Pilsbry,  Henry  A 35,  64,  104,  108 

Rehder,  Harald  A 64,  103 

Robertson.  Imogene  C 70 

Russell,  Henry  D 80 

Sanford,  S.  N 33 

Schmeck,  Eugene  H •. 102 

Schwengel,  Jeanne  37,  65,  144 

Sorensen,  A 113 

Spicer,  V.  D.  P 1 

Strong,  A.  M 46 

Van  Hyning,  T 106 

Webb,  Glenn  R 107 

Yen,  Teng-Chien .^ 40 


I 


The  Nautilus 


Vol.  55  July,   1941  No.   1 

SHELLS  FROM  MIDWAY 
By  dr.  V.  D.  P.  SPICEE 

During'  the  current  program  of  defense  construction,  the  Mid- 
way Islands,  formerly  isolated  sand  bars  on  a  coral  reef,  and 
serving  as  a  cable  station  and  over-night  stop  for  trans-Pacific 
clippers,  have  been  selected  for  extensive  development  b}^  the 
Navy  Department.  A  large  force  of  construction  laborers  have 
been  employed  for  periods  upward  of  a  year.  Lacking  other 
entertainment  they  have  become  shell  collectors.  The  beaches  are 
being  as  thoroughly  explored  and  patrolled  as  at  Waikiki  or  Palm 
Beach.  The  screens  and  conveyer  belts  at  the  aggregate  plant 
where  coral  heads  from  the  lagoon  floor  are  broken  up  for  inclu- 
sion in  the  concrete  foundations,  are  always  lined  with  eagle-eyed 
shell  collectors.  As  a  result  many  shells  are  being  carried  away 
from  Midway. 

The  Guam  boys  employed  at  the  Pan-Air  Hotel  have  taken 
advantage  of  this  shell  enthusiasm  by  importing  large  numbers  of 
colorful  Guam  shells  and  selling  them  to  the  construction  employ- 
ees. These  Guam  shells  are  being  mixed  indiscriminately  with 
the  Midway  shells,  and  some  may  eventually  gravitate  to  museums 
and  collectors  bearing  a  Midway  label.  There  is  enough  similarity 
between  the  molluscan  fauna  of  Midway  and  Guam  that  one  not 
familiar  with  the  shells  of  both  places  could  easily  overlook  such 
an  error.  In  view  of  this  possible  confusion  I  have  cheeked  the 
collections  being  made  and  prepared  the  appended  lists  of  Mid- 
way and  Guam  shells.  I  am  fortunately  situated  in  being  on  the 
only  vessel  regularly  serving  Midway,  and  the  returning  person- 
nel must  travel  with  us.  I  have  been  able  to  inspect  practically 
all  shell  collections  on  or  returning  from  Midway. 

(1) 


THE   NAUTILUS 


[Vol.  55   (1) 


Guam  shells  heing  sold  on  Midway 


Cypraea  caputserpentis 
annulus 
moiieta 
caurica 
intermedia 
talpa 
l.ynx 
carneola 
isabella 
erosa 
argus 
mappa 


Cypraea  tig:ris 

mauritiana 
arabica 
vitellus 
Pteroeera  bryonia 
lambis 
chira^ra 
Conns  striatns 
Turbo  petholatus 
Oliva  erythrostoma 
Partnla  jiibba 


Shells  heing  hrought  from  Midway  and  collected  there 


Cypraea  tesselata 
isabella 

madagaseariensis 
suleidentata 
scurra 
helvola 
fimbriata 
seraiplota 
ostergaardi 

Cassis  kalosmodix 
vibex 

Dolium  perdix 

melanostoma 
pomum 

Aleetrion  hirtns 
Nassa  sertnm 
Nerita  picea 
Littorina  pinctada 
Lioconeha  hierofrlyphiea 
Tellina  erassiplicata 
Pharaonolla  venusta 
Charonia  tritonis 
Cymatiuiii  dilorostoma 
Poliniccs  iiiiiniilla 
Distorsio  anus 
Bursa  affinis 
Mitra  eucunierina 
Coritliinin  mutatnni 


Cerithium  obelisens 
eolnnnia 
Conns  literatus  millepunctatus 
lividus 
flavidus 
cinjjuiuni 
nanus 
abbreviatus 
nussatella 
striatns 
eylindraceus 
vitulinus 
elavus  daetylosus 
Drupa  dijritata  (abundant) 

ricinus  (rare) 
Turbo  intorcostalis 
TroL'hns  sandwichensis 
Terebra  maeulata 
•ronldii 
croiHilata 
ciilorata 
spauidiufjcae 
Strombus  hawaiiensis 
niaculatus 
i:il)bondus 
Rliizoc'hilus  nuulreporai-uiH 
Coral! ioplii la  neritoidea 
Cohnubt'lla   livescons 
varians 
liirturiiia 
Modulus  tcctuin 


July,    1041]  THE   NAl'TILrs  3 

FURTHER  NOTES  ON  THE  FOOD  OF  THE  LIMPKIN 
By   FRANCIS   HARPER 

Since  the  publication  of  recent  papers  on  this  subject  (Cottani, 
inSfi;  Harper,  in3()a.  lOSGb),  some  additional  iulurmatiou  has 
t'ome  to  hand. 

Bryant  (1859,  p.  13),  in  discussing  the  feeding  habits  of  the 
Linipkiu  (Aramus  sculopaccus  picfus),  as  observed  by  him  at 
Lake  Dexter  or  on  neighboring  portions  of  the  St.  John's  River 
in  Florida,  says:  "On  the  St.  Johns  it  feeds  principally  on  a 
species  of  Xatica,  which  is  extremely  abundant,  and  also  on  the 
small  Unios.  The  large  green  snail  [Pomacea],  so  common  in  the 
everglade,  is  not  very  often  met  with  on  the  St.  Johns." 

This  report  of  Natica  was  accepted  without  question  by  Cottam 
(1936,  p.  12).  However,  Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry  and  Mr.  Richard  A. 
McLean  have  called  mj'  attention  to  the  fact  that  Natica  is  a 
marine  mollusk,  whose  occurrence  as  far  up  the  St.  John's  as 
Lake  Dexter  is  out  of  the  question.  The  most  abundant  com- 
ponent of  the  shell  mounds  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Dexter  is  Vivi- 
parus  georgianus,  and  apparently  this  is  the  animal  that  Bryant 
should  have  recorded  instead  of  Natica.  It  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  included  in  any  other  report  on  the  food  of  the  Limpkin. 

Additional  though  purely  circumstantial  evidence  on  this  point 
has  come  from  the  single  locality  in  Georgia  where  the  Limj^kin 
is  known  to  occur  at  present  with  any  degree  of  regularity — Mill 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  St.  Mary's  River  in  extreme  south- 
western Camden  County.  Here  Frederick  V.  Hebard  and  I  have 
failed  to  find  any  trace  of  Pomacea,  the  staple  food  of  the  Limpkin 
in  nearly  all  parts  of  its  range,  but  in  the  spring  of  1940  John  W. 
Burch  collected  a  number  of  specimens  of  Viviparus  georgianus. 
Cottam  reports  (1936,  p.  12,  and  in  litt.,  January  9,  1941)  that  a 
Limpkin  collected  at  Bassenger  on  the  Kissimmee  River,  Florida, 
had  eaten  at  least  ten  individuals  of  the  genus  Campeloma.  Since 
this  mollusk  and  Viviparus  georgianus  are  members  of  tiie  same 
family  (Viviparidae),  and  since  they  are  also  of  about  the  same 
size  and  shape,  it  would  appear  quite  likely  that  the  latter  serves 
as  a  mainstay  for  the  Limpkin  in  Camden  County,  Georgia,  espe- 
cially in  view  of  the  apparent  absence  or  at  least  scarcity  of 
Pomacea  in  that  localitv. 


4  THE  NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

The  foregoing  evidence  on  the  Limpkin's  utilization  of  Vivi- 
parus  raises  the  question  whether  this  bird,  as  well  as  aboriginal 
man,  may  not  have  played  a  part  in  the  gradual  building  up  of 
the  vast  shell  mounds  along  the  St.  John's.  A  point  remaining 
to  be  investigated,  however,  is  whether  or  not  the  Limpkin  breaks 
the  shell  of  Viviparus  in  order  to  secure  the  fleshy  parts.  A  very 
large  proportion  of  these  shells  in  the  mounds  along  the  St.  John's 
appear  to  be  more  or  less  intact.  It  does  not  break  the  shell  of 
Pomacea. 

Mr.  Francis  M.  Weston  {in  litt.,  May  8,  1938)  calls  my  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  in  my  previous  paper  (1936b,  p.  39)  Spring 
Creek  was  erroneously  placed  west,  instead  of  east,  of  Marianna, 
Fla.  He  adds :  "You  might  be  interested  to  know  that  the  Limp- 
kin  not  only  occurs  but  also  nests  in  the  upper  reaches  of  that 
creek.  I  have  also  found  the  Limpkin  nesting  some  miles  west  of 
Marianna,  at  least  nine  miles  west  of  Spring  Creek.  .  .  .  There 
seems  to  be  no  good  reason  why  Pomacea  and  the  Limpkin  should 
not  be  found  in  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Alabama  and  the  S.  W.  corner 
of  Georgia." 

Hitherto  the  western  limit  of  the  Limpkin's  known  breeding 
range  has  been  Wakulla  County,  Florida. 

Literature  Cited 

Bryant,  Henry.     1859.     [Birds  of  East  Florida.]     Proc.  Boston 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  pp.  5-21. 
Cottam,  Clarence.     1936.     Food  of  the  Limpkin.     Wilson  Bull., 

vol.  48,  pp.  11-13. 
Harper,  Francis.     1936a.     The  distribution  of  tlie  Limpkin  and 

its  staple  food.     The  Oriole,  vol.  1.  pp.  21-23,  1  fig.,  1  nuip. 
Harper,  Francis.     1936b.     The  distribution  of  the  Limpkin  and 

its  staple  food,  Pomacea.     The  Nautilus,  vol.  50,  pp.  37^0, 

1  fig.,  1  map.      (A  revised  reprint  of  the  preceding  paper.) 


THE  LAND  MOLLUSCA  OF  COOSA  COUNTY, 
ALABAMA 

By  ALLAN  F.  ARCHER 

Coosa  County,  Alabama,  lies  in  the  cast  central  portion  of  the 
state.  It  is  of  particular  interest  in  ])()sscssing  a  characteristic 
Piedmont  fauna,  at  least  insofar  as  tlio  lower  section  of  the  Pied- 


July.    1941]  THE  NAUTILUS  5 

nioiit  is  concerned.  The  data  presented  are  the  result  of  ecolopji- 
cal  and  biol()«;ieal  studies  carried  on  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Department  of  Conservation  of  the  State  of  Alabama.  Some  of 
the  most  sijrnificant  collections  were  made  durinp:  the  expedition 
of  June.  1940,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Department  of  Conser- 
vation and  the  Alabama  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Several 
other  important  visits  to  the  county  have  been  made  by  me. 

H.  H.  Smith  made  excellent  collections  of  Mollusca  in  Cham- 
bers and  Randolph  Counties.  The  latter  county  resembles  Coosa 
County  in  topography  but  is  slightly  less  irregular  in  surface. 
Coosa  County  surpasses  all  Piedmont  counties  in  Alabama  in  the 
variety  of  topography,  and  is  therefore  richest  in  suitable  collect- 
ing spots.  Not  merely  is  the  Piedmont  represented  over  most  of 
the  county,  but  there  is  a  minor  representation  of  the  Blue  Ridge 
Province  in  the  northwestern  corner.  There  we  find  the  Talla- 
dega Mountains.  Their  snail  fauna  is  rather  indifferent, 
although  there  are  some  special  botanical  features  of  interest. 
In  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  county  are  a  few  square  miles 
of  Coastal  Plain  country. 

The  Talladega  Mountains  present  a  more  or  less  mature 
topography.  Otherwise  Coosa  County  is  characterized  by  irregu- 
lar uplands,  almost  mountainous  in  spots,  ravines,  valley  slopes, 
and  flat  valleys.  The  ravines  present  a  juvenile  aspect,  and  at 
Hatchet  Creek  three  obscure  ravines  have  waterfalls.  The  soils 
of  the  county  are  reddish  or  gray  sand-clay  materials  quite  lack- 
ing in  lime,  but  on  the  slopes  at  least  fairly  well  mineralized. 
The  poorest  molluscan  localities  are  found  where  mica  schist  out- 
crops. A  considerable  proportion  of  the  county  is  underlain  by 
mica  schist  (Ashland),  granite  (Pincknej'ville),  and  quartzite. 
Basic  and  acidic  intrusive  rocks  are  present.  Chlorite  schist, 
slate,  and  dolomite  occur  in  the  northwestern  corner.  It  is  thus 
obvious  that  we  are  dealing  with  an  ancient  continental  area  hav- 
ing a  predominance  of  crystalline  and  metamorphic  rocks. 

"Woodland  covers  a  considerable  portion  of  the  country,  being 
least  in  evidence  on  cultivated  uplands  and  flat  valleys.  Upland 
areas  have  as  their  forest  cover  oak-pine  communities  (shortleaf 
pine,  blackjack  oak).  Pine  and  oak-pine  cover  also  occur  on 
slopes,  especially  on  spurs  of  interfluves,  but  more  species  of 


6  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

pines,  oaks,  and  various  hardwood  species  of  lesser  importance 
are  present.  Beech,  black,  white,  and  Spanish  oak  occur  even  in 
top  ravines.  Typical  ravines  of  the  Piedmont  area  are  character- 
ized b}'  the  following  woody  plants:  Pinus  echinata,  Quercus 
alba,  Q.  horealis  maxima,  Q.  velutina,  Hicoria  alba,  Fagus  grandi- 
folia,  Magnolia  macrophylla,  Liriodcndron  tulipifera,  Aralia 
spinosa,  Cercis  canadensis,  Cornus  florida,  Hamamelis  virgin- 
iana,  Nyssa  sylvatica.  The  chestnut  oak  {Q.  moniana)  also 
occurs  in  the  Talladega  Mountains.  Species  of  the  lower  story 
include  Ilicium  floridanum,  Euonynius  americanus.  Hydrangea 
qtierci folia,  H.  arborescens,  Azalea  nudi flora.  Rhododendron 
punctatum,  Kalmia  latifolia,  Halesia  diptera.  By  way  of  con- 
trast between  subtropical  and  montane  floras  there  is  present  in 
one  locality  of  the  Talladega  Mountains  Galax  aphylla  in  com- 
pany with  the  palm,  Serenoa  serrulata. 

"Wherever  there  has  been  sufficient  recovery  from  fires  an  ade- 
quate leaf  litter,  humus,  and  topsoil  are  formed.  In  the  Talla- 
dega Mountains  mam^  acres  of  timber  lack  the  layer  of  humus 
between  the  leaf  litter  and  soil  (due  to  recent  fires).  In  the 
Piedmont  area,  with  few  exceptions,  conditions  are  much  better. 
The  hydrogen  ion  concentration  of  the  humus  and  topsoil  ranges 
from  about  5.0  to  a  little  above  6.0.  The  lower  pH  values  occur 
at  the  bottoms  of  ravine  slopes  close  to  water  wherever  growths 
of  laurel,  rhododendron,  and  azalea  prevail.  Lower  values  like- 
wise may  occur  in  impoverished  .soils  of  the  uplands.  The  higher 
pH  values  appear  on  the  middle  and  upper  zones  of  stream-valley 
slopes  and  ravines  (of  the  lower  series).  Even  here  the  humus 
is  predominantly  mouldy  except  in  patches  actively  worked-over 
by  soil  arthropods,  or  under  concentrations  of  twigs,  limbs,  bark, 
and  hardwood  logs,  as  well  as  where  stones  and  rocks  are  numer- 
ous. Some  slopes  are  entirely  rocky,  although  there  is  no  rc;il 
talus  fornuition.  In  general  the  richest  hunuis  oci-urs  in  those 
zones  where  conditions  of  dryness  or  partial  dryness  jirevail. 

The  lack  of  calcium  carbonate  is  undoubtedly  one  factor  in 
dctei'inining  the  rather  acidic  <iuali1ies  of  Piedmont  soils.  An- 
other immetliate  factor  is  the  acid  break-down  of  oak  leaves  and 
pine  straw.  A.  E.  Boycott  (The  IIai)itats  of  Land  Mollusca  in 
Britain,  Jouni.   Ecology.  VJ'M.   \'ol.  22,  pp.  11-12)   states  that 


July.    in411  THE   NAlTlUs  7 

slu'ltor  and  liiiu*  arc  i-oniplenieiitary  fai-tors  which  interact  with 
climate.  He  further  states  that  damp  acid  woods  may  have  (juite 
a  resjiectable  fanna.  This  is  in  part  true  of  the  Piedmont,  al- 
thoujrh  in  Alabama  and  Georg^ia  the  zones  in  acid  woods  wliich 
tlry  out  duriufr  dry  spells  have  a  richer  fauna  than  do  the  per- 
jictually  damp  zones.  Boycott  also  states  that  humus  samples 
from  acid  woods  are  not  as  rich  eitiier  in  IMollusca  or  Arthropoda 
as  are  samples  from  calcareous  woods.  To  a  large  extent  this  is 
true  in  Cot)sa  County.  A  larjre  series  of  humus  samples  fail  to 
yield  expected  snails  like  Punctum  minutisaimum,  but  instead 
yield  Retinellae  and  Zonitoides  arboreus.  However,  erigonine 
and  tiieridiid  spiders  are  quite  as  abundant  in  hunuis  samples 
from  Hatchet  Creek  as  from  calcareous  localities.  Likewise  false 
scorpions,  Phalandidae  {Lihitiodes  sayi),  as  well  as  beetles  of  the 
families  Carabidae.  Pselaphidae,  and  Histeridae  are  reasonably 
common  in  leaf  litter  as  well  as  under  wood. 

Aside  from  the  minutiae  the  larger  mollusks  are  fairly  com- 
mon. In  fact  Coosa  County  comes  next  to  ranking  wuth  the  best 
of  the  Piedmont  counties  in  Alabama  and  Georgia.  However, 
H.  H.  Smith  collected  a  phenomenal  series  of  minutiae  at  Roa- 
noke in  Randolph  County,  actually  a  total  of  35  authentic  species 
excluding  the  slugs.  For  the  entire  county  there  are  approxi- 
mately 39  or  40  species  known.  The  soil  of  the  county  must  con- 
tain more  lime  than  is  to  be  found  in  Coosa  County,  although  the 
ruck  formations  are  Archaean  igneous  gneiss  and  schist.  Ran- 
dolph exceeds  all  known  Piedmont  counties  of  Georgia.  Coosa 
County,  however,  is  hardly  surpassed  by  any  other  Alabama 
counties  in  some  Arthropoda  (which  certainly  do  not  depend  on 
lime).  The  ample  nature  of  the  spider  fauna  is  illustrated  by 
the  fact  that  the  family  Argiopidae,  already  fully  catalogued, 
comprises  36  species. 

The  list  given  below  is  briefly  annotated : 

1.  Philomycus  carolinianus  (Bosc).  P^'ive  mi.  so.  of  Rock- 
ford;  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet  Creek;  Hanover;  Talladega  Moun- 
tains. 

2.  Deroceras  laeve  gracile  Rafinesque.     Swamp  Creek. 

3.  Haplotrcma  concavum  (Say).  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet 
Creek.  Rather  common  under  ripe  logs  and  in  hollows  under 
rocks. 


8  THE   NAUTILUS  [VoL.    55     (1) 

4.  Anguispira  alternata  crassa' Clapp^ 'Walker.  Not  common. 
Nearly  as  often  in  piles  of  rocks  as  under  logs  or  bark. 

5.  Discus  pafidus  (Deshayes).  Hatchet  Creek.  Although  oc- 
casionally under  rocks  it  is  locally  abundant  in  association  with 
logs  and  bark. 

6.  Helicodiscns  parallclus  (Say).  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet 
Creek.     Under  rocks  or  in  leaf  litter. 

7.  Euconulus  chersinus  (Say).  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet 
Creek;  Talladega  Mountains.     In  leaf  litter. 

8.  Retinella  indentata  paucilirata  (Morelet).  Five  mi.  so.  of 
Rockford;  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet  Creek.  This  species  bears  a 
suspicious  resemblance  to  R.  carolinensis,  but  anatomical  mate- 
rial collected  in  winter  will  be  needed  to  prove  its  identity.  Gen- 
erally in  leaf  litter,  under  bark,  or  rocks. 

9.  Retinella  sculptilis  (Bland).  Hatchet  Creek,  Smaller 
than  the  form  in  North  Carolina. 

10.  Mcsomphix  pcrlaevis  Pilsbry.  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet 
Creek.     Generally  buried  in  humus. 

11.  Mcsomphix  pilshryi  (Clapp).  Five  mi.  so.  of  Rockford; 
Hanover;  Talladega  Mountains.     Occasionally  under  logs. 

12.  Hawaiia  minuscula  (A.  Binney).  Rockford;  Hatchet 
Creek. 

13.  Sti'iatura  mcridionalis  (Pilsbry  and  Ferriss).  Hatchet 
Creek.     In  leaf  litter. 

14.  Gastrodonta  interna  (Say).  Five  mi.  so.  of  Rockford; 
Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet  Creek;  Hanover;  Talladega  iMountains. 
Common  under  loose  bark  on  logs;  also  under  rocks.  One  of 
the  most  abundant  species ;  over  100  have  been  taken. 

15.  Zonifoidcs  demissus  (A.  Binney).  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet 
Creek. 

16.  Zonitoides  intertextus  (A.  Hiniiey).  Five  mi.  so.  of  Rock- 
ford; Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet  Crook;  Ilanovoi-;  Talladega  Moun- 
tains.    On  slopes  and  uplands. 

17.  Zonitoides  arhorciis  (Say).  Five  mi.  so.  of  Rockford; 
Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet  Creek;  Talladega  Mountains. 

18.  Poly(i]fra  pustiiloidcs  (Bland).  Hatchet  Creek.  Under 
rocks  on  rich,  dry  slopes. 

10.   Sh  )i()lr<  )))(t      b(irbi(i(  rum       (Kodfiold).      Swaiii])      Creek; 


July.    1941]  THE  NAUTILUS  9 

Hatchet  Creek;  Talladefra  Mountains.  Widely  scattered  under 
fallen  bark,  ripe  logs,  and  in  rock  piles.  Only  29  specimens 
have  been  taken. 

20.  Stcuotrema  stcnotrema  (Pfeiffer).  Hatchet  Creek;  Talla- 
deg:a  Mountains.  On  the  under  surfaces  of  rocks  in  rock  piles; 
also  under  lo<:s  and  bark.  It  occurs  from  the  bases  of  ravines 
and  slopes  up  to  the  summits.  At  Hatchet  Creek  it  is  the  most 
abundant  Stcnotrema.     Sixty-one  specimens  have  been  collected. 

21.  Stcnotrema  maxillatum  (Gould).  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet 
Creek.  This  snail  occurs  on  the  middle  and  upper  zones  of  the 
lower  series  of  side  ravines,  often  in  rather  open  cover,  very  dry 
in  late  summer.  It  is  frenerally  found  on  the  under  surfaces 
of  anjrular  rocks,  either  scattered  rocks  or  rock  piles.  At  least 
66  specimens  have  been  collected  in  both  localities. 

22.  Mcsodon  inflectus  (Say).  Five  mi.  so.  of  Rockford; 
Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet  Creek;  Hanover;  Talladegra  Mountains. 
In  rock  piles  and  under  ripe  logs.  At  Hatchet  Creek  there  is 
a  very  large  race  whose  greater  diameter  exceeds  13  mm. 

23.  Mcsodon  periejraptus  (Pilsbry).  Five  mi.  so.  of  Rock- 
ford  ;  Swamp  Creek ;  Hatchet  Creek ;  Hanover ;  Talladega  Moun- 
tains. 

24.  Mcsodon  thyroidus  (Say).  Swamp  Creek;  Hatchet  Creek; 
Talladega  Mountains. 

25.  Triodopsis  tridentata  (Say).  Hatchet  Creek.  Usually 
under  rocks  but  also  under  ripe  logs  and  fallen  bark,  both  in 
hardwood  and  pine  areas.  The  most  common  species  of  the  genus. 
Thirty-one  specimens  have  been  collected. 

26.  Triodopsis  fallax  vannostrandi  (Bland).  Five  mi.  so.  of 
Rockford;  Swamp  Creek.  According  to  Pilsbry 's  new  manual 
this  species  is  to  be  known  as  T.  vannostrandi  alahamcnsis 
(Pilsbry).  Under  logs,  rocks,  and  in  plant  debris.  Not  as  com- 
mon as  tridentata  but  pretty  generally  distributed  in  some 
ravines  and  in  open  fields. 

27.  Triodopsis  caroliniensis  (Lea).  Hatchet  Creek.  In  rock 
piles.     Uncommon. 

28.  Triodopsis  albolabris  major  (A.  Binney).     Hatchet  Creek. 

29.  Gastrocopta  pentodon  (Say).  Hatchet  Creek.  Found 
mostly  in  arthropod  dung  at  the  bases  of  large  rocks. 


10  THE    XAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

30.  Strohilops  l<ihyri)ithtca  (Say).  Swamp  Creek;  Talladega 
Mountains.     Under  beach  logs. 

31.  Sfj'obilops  aenea  Pilsbry.  Hatchet  Creek.  Under  ripe 
logs  on  rocky  ground.  Careful  search  failed  to  find  this  species 
under  loose  bark  on  logs  (its  customary  habitat)  although  plenty 
of  Discus,  Gastrodonta,  and  Zonitoides  arboreus  were  present. 


COLOR  VARIATION  IN  OLIVELLA  BIPLICATA 

By  D.  S.  axd  E.  W.  GIFFOED 
University  of  California,  Berkeley,  California 

The  following  remarks  are  based  upon  a  series  of  2757  speci- 
mens of  OUvella  biplicata  collected  alive  at  Bolinas.  Marin 
County,  California,  November  12  and  December  12,  1940,  and 
January  26,  1941.  Of  this  series  94  are  very  young,  the  largest 
being  only  12  mm.  long,  the  smallest  7  mm.  long. 

Of  the  2757,  all  but  one  (a  xanthoehroistie  specimen)  have 
varying  amounts  of  bishop  purple  color  (Maerz  and  Paul,^  plate 
44,  H  10)  about  the  aperture,  especially  near  the  base  of  the 
columella.  Another  division  of  the  2757  may  be  made  on  the 
basis  of  presence  or  absence  of  orange  coloring  within  the  aper- 
ture. 299  have  varying  amounts  of  orange,  2458  (including  the 
94  very  young  shells)  lack  it. 

Normal  external  color  in  adults  varies  from  pearl  gray  and 
moonbeam  gray  (Maerz  and  Paul,  plate  44,  A  1  and  A  2)  to 
grayish  brown  and  brownish  suffused  with  purple.  The  brownest 
individual  matches  more  or  less  Maerz  and  Paid's  blue  fox  color 
(plate  47,  E  1).  The  darkest  individual  (not  quite  adult) 
matches  apj^roximately  Maerz  and  Paul's  plate  48.  E  1  which  is 
a  grayish  brown.  The  parietal  callus  is  white  or  whitish  in  all. 
Many  have  a  wash  of  "horn"  color  on  the  body  whorl.  This  is 
true  even  of  some  of  the  albinos,  which  appear  ivory  in  color 
(Maerz  and  Paul,  plate  10,  B  2).  This  "horn"  color  is  ephemeral 
and  disappears  in  beach-worn  specimens. 

All  have  bishop  purple  at  base  of  columella  and  in  the  aperture 
except  the  xantliochroistic  one  mentioned.     All  normally  colored 


1  A.   Maerz   and    M.   Roa    Paul,    A    Dictionary   of    Color.     First    Edition. 
McGraw-Hill  Book  Co.,  Inc.,  New  York.     1930. 


•Inly,  1!)41]  the  nautilus  11 

slu'lls  have  purple  on  the  imicr  vd^zc  of  tlu*  lip,  and  traces  of  old 
lips  are  indicated  by  i)urple  or  maroon  vertical  lines  of  prowth 
on  the  exterior  surface  of  the  body  whorl.  In  the  albinos  the 
quantity  of  purple  is  reduced  but  never  absent.  Some  of  the 
albinos  have  the  purple  lip  edge  limited  to  the  lower  (anterior) 
end  of  the  lip  and  the  canal. 

As  already  mentioned,  in  299  specimens  the  aperture  display's 
varyiiiiT  amounts  and  shades  of  orange  or  yellow.  This  is  never 
on  the  lip,  which  is  usually  purple-edged,  but  always  within  the 
aperture,  sometimes  at  about  the  limit  of  visibility.  It  occurs  on 
the  columellar  side  of  the  aperture,  in  the  canal,  and  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  body  whorl.  A  very  few  have  it  slightly  on  the 
parietal  callus.  Of  the  299  specimens  with  orange,  37  (12.4  per 
cent)  are  albinos.  Some  have  the  orange  coloring  denoted  by 
Maerz  and  Paul  as  "orange-peel"  (plate  10,  L  10).  Others  have 
only  a  bare  trace  of  orange  or  j'ellow  and  appear  to  correspond 
to  OUvella  hipUcata  lapillus  described^  as  having  the  "interior  of 
the  aperture  cream-colored." 

It  would  seem  that  the  unique  xanthochroistic  specimen,  which 
is  orange  both  inside  and  outside,  is  a  recessive  in  which  both 
purple  and  gray  completely  disappeared,  leaving  only  orange, 
wliereas  in  the  albinos  only  gray  disappears,  the  purple  always 
remaining  in  some  measure.  From  this  point  of  view  the  orange 
specimen  is  perhaps  comparable  to  red-haired  human  beings  in 
whom  lipochrome  has  replaced  the  dominant  melanin.  The 
orange  specimen  is  really  an  orange-yellow,  matching  Maerz  and 
Paul  color  plate  10,  C  5.  The  base  of  the  columella  and  the  folds 
are  pure  white,  as  is  the  fasciole  region  and  the  parietal  callus. 
The  second  Avhorl  is  white,  but  the  body  whorl  is  orange.  The 
transition  from  orange  to  white  is  gradual.  The  suture  edge  is 
orange  throughout.  In  the  aperture  the  inner  surface  of  the  body 
whorl  is  deeper  orange  than  the  exterior. 

Of  the  2458  specimens  without  trace  of  orange  within  the  aper- 
ture, one  is  orange  externally  and  not  wholl}',  as  the  lip  portion 
of  the  body-whorl  is  pearl  gray.  This  specimen  has  purple  within 
the  aperture,  both  on  the  columellar  side  and  on  the  inner  surface 
of  the  body-whorl,  where  it  is  wild  iris  color  (Maerz  and  Paul, 


2  E.  G.  Vanatta,  Notes  on  Oliva,  The  Nautilus,  vol.  29,  p.  71,  1915. 


12  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    DO    (1) 

plate  44,  B  5).  It  is  obviously  not  in  the  same  category  as  the 
preceding  xanthochroistie  specimen.  It  is,  however,  notable.  The 
occurrence  of  orange  externally  is  thus  seen  to  be  limited  to  two 
specimens  in  the  series  of  2757.  The  animals  inhabiting  these  two 
shells  did  not  differ  in  appearance  from  the  others. 

Of  the  245S  specimens  without  trace  of  orange  within  the  aper- 
ture, 177  (7.2  per  cent)  are  albinos  (this  includes  9  very  young 
ones),  and  2280  are  in  the  range  of  normal  color.  The  animals 
inhabiting  albino  shells  look  like  those  in  normally  colored  shells. 
It  should  be  noted  that  albinism  is  more  frequent  in  the  shells 
with  orange  within  the  aperture  than  in  shells  without  orange. 
The  respective  frequencies  were  12.4  per  cent  and  7.2  per  cent. 

The  ventral  side  of  the  spire  of  most  of  the  adults  is  pitted  and 
gray  because  of  the  ravages  of  a  parasite,  a  sponge  identified  by 
Professor  B.  L.  Clark  as  a  species  of  Cliona.  There  is  no  trace  of 
this  parasite  in  the  young  shells. 

The  youngest  of  the  normally  colored  shells  are  normal  in  color 
on  dorsal  side,  but  streaked  vertically  vdxh  wavy  brown  (Maerz 
and  Paul,  plate  7,  A  12)  lines  on  the  ventral  face  of  the  main 
whorl,  suggesting  the  description  of  a  similar  character  in  OUvella 
pycna,^  for  which  Bolinas  is  the  type  locality.  In  young  albinos 
this  appears  merely  as  a  slight  brown  suffusion.  This  juvenile 
characteristic  disappears  as  the  shell  grows  older.  Also  in  these 
very  young  specimens  the  white  parietal  callus  appears  promi- 
nently. 

Some  of  the  young  shells  have  a  whitish  band  below  the  suture 
separating  the  body  whorl  from  the  second  whorl.  In  some  near 
adults  this  banded  character  is  still  retained,  but  assumes  a  huffish 
color.    In  the  full  adult  it  disappears. 

In  regard  to  Mendelian  inheritance  of  color  characters,  Pro- 
fessor R.  E.  Clausen  was  kind  enough  to  look  over  our  counts,  but 
informed  us  that,  although  Mendelian  laws  might  be  operative, 
it  would  be  difficult  to  establish  their  presence  except  by  con- 
trolled breeding. 


3  S.  Stillman  Berry,  An  Undeacribed  Californian  Olivella,  Proc.  Malaco- 
logical  Society  of  London,  vol.  21,  p.  262,  1935. 


July,    1941]  THE  NAUTILUS  13 

UTILIZATION  OF  STONES  FOR  SHELTER  BY 
LAND  SNAILS 

Bt  WILLIAM  MARCUS  INGRAM 

This  paper  is  introduced  after  reading  Baker  (1898),  W.  G. 
Binney  and  Bland  (1869),  W.  G.  Binney  (1885),  and  A.  Binney 
(1851)  who  generally  state  that  land  mollusks  may  be  collected 
under  stones.  Simpson  (1901)  states  that  individuals  of  Trio- 
dopsis  albolabris  (Say)  are  frequently  found  under  stones.  "With 
this  in  mind  1350  stones  were  overturned  on  the  Edmund  Xiles 
Huyck  Preserve,  Rensselaerville,  Albany  County,  New  York, 
between  June  15  and  September  1,  1940,  in  an  attempt  to  deter- 
mine the  snail  fauna  that  one  might  expect  to  find  beneath  them. 

Stones  in  the  following  areas  of  the  preserve  were  rolled  over : 
beech-maple,  beech-hemlock,  and  maple  woods ;  flood-plain  forest ; 
hedge  rows ;  abandoned  grass  and  berry  covered  fields  and  apple 
orchards ;  and  bogs.  Only  3  of  approximately  5,(X)0  snails  which 
were  obser\'ed  on  the  preserve  were  taken  from  beneath  stones; 
these  were  3  Anguispira  alternata  (Say),  collected  beneath  2 
stones  bordering  a  maple  hedge  row.  In  beech-maple,  beech- 
hemlock,  and  maple  areas  where  decaying  logs  and  humus  were 
found  over  moist  soil,  the  snails  limited  themselves  to  these  habi- 
tats rather  than  seeking  shelter  beneath  stones.  In  hemlock  and 
in  flood-plain  forest  areas  logs  were  preferred  in  the  former  and 
water-carried  debris  piles,  consisting  of  accumulated  sticks,  soil, 
dead  gra-ss,  and  humus,  in  the  latter.  In  hedgerows  of  beech, 
maple,  or  oak  the  fallen  leaf  cover  was  the  typical  snail  abode.  In 
gra.ss  and  berry-covered  fields  and  abandoned  apple  orchards 
where  stones  were  present  grass  roots  and  berry  roots  were  snail 
havens.  In  bogs,  yellow  birch  logs  and  frond-strewn  hummocks 
covered  by  bog  ferns  provided  snail  shelter.  The  following  were 
the  land  snails  which  were  found  on  the  Huyck  preserve : 

PolygjTidae 

Triodopsis  albolabris  (Say)  T.  dentifera  (Binney) 

T.  tridentata  (Say)  Stenotrema  fraternum  (Sayj,,. 


r. /J6^a/a  (Deshayes)  "O^^^Cyj/ 


(LIBRARY 


14  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    C*) 

Zonitidae 

Mesomphix  cupreus  Zonitoides  arhoreiis  (Say) 

(Rafinesque)  V entridens  rntertexus 
M.inornatus  (Say)  (Binney) 

Euconulus  fulvus  (Miiller) 

Endodontidae 

Anguispira  alternata  (Say)  Helicodiscus  parallelus 

Discus  ci'onkhitei  cat  skill-  (Say) 

ensis  (Pilsbry) 

Haplotrematidae 
Eaplotrcma  concaviim  (Say) 

Cochlicopidae 
Cochlicopa  luhrica  (Miiller) 

Succineidae 
Succinea  ovalis  Say  S.  rctusa  Lea 

During  the  late  fall  of  1940  at  Ithaca,  New  York,  the  g-roimd 
beneath  stones  was  examined  for  snails  in  Six  Mile  Creek.  Here 
a  small  flood-plain  of  approximately  three  acres  is  stone-strewn ; 
the  forest  is  sparsely  scattered  sj'camore.  In  the  area  examined 
logs  were  entirely  absent  and  water-carried  debris  piles  were  lack- 
ing. Due  to  the  rocky  character  of  the  plain  the  sycamore  leaf 
humus  does  not  become  packed,  but  is  uptilted  by  the  numerous 
stones  thus  allowing  the  soil  beneath  to  become  very  dry  in  the 
fall.  Here  265  snails  were  collected  from  beneath  056  stones; 
only  one  individual,  Triodopsis  alholabris,  was  taken  from  beneath 
sycamore  leaf  humus.    The  flood-plain  species  were : 

Polygyridae 

Stenotrcmd  hirsutum  (Say)  T.  t  rid  mi  at  a  (Say) 

Triodopsis  alholabris  (Say)  Mcsodon  tln/roidiis  (Say) 

Haj)h)trcmatidae 
Ilaphflrcnia  coucavum  (Say) 

Zonitichie 

Mesomphix  caprcus  V(  itlrid(  )is  intcrtextus 

(Rafinesque)  (Binney) 


.Iillv.    1!I41 


TIIK    XAlTILrs 


15 


I'iiulodoiit  itUic 
Aiii/Klspini  alli  riitihi  (Say)  II 1 1  icndisciis  juirnlh  I  us  (Say) 

Succiiicidat' 
Siicciind  tii'dlis  Say  N.  r<h(s<i  Lea 

Tlu'sc  (lata  ai'c  iiulicatixc  in  tlic  areas  studied  that  snails  |)i-<>tVi- 
Nlieltt'i-  IxMieatli  Ininuis  and  lo^is  ( wlicre  moist  soil  exists),  to 
slit'lter  heiieatli  stones  where  the  three  are  found  to'jcthei*  on  the 
forest  Hoor.  When  lojjs  and  dehris  piles  arc  not  a\ailal)le  snails 
seek  sheltef  heiu'ath  stones  rather  than  remain  on  top  of  the  sul)- 
sli-atum  beneath  linnnis  where  the  soil  is  (\vy. 

To  fui-ther  ol)ser\e  the  selection  of  shelter  by  land  snails  be- 
tween the  stone  and  loLidiumus  lial)itat.  several  sjx'cies  wei"e 
removed  from  the  Six  Mile  ('i-eek  area  and  wei-e  cari'ied  into  a 
beech  woods.  Here  stoiu's.  Iolis.  and  humus  wei-c  abundantly 
distributed  over  a  moist  foi-t^st  Hoor.  Tweidy  iiulividuals  repi-e- 
sentin^''  T.  (ilhohibris,  '/'.  I fuh  iihihi,  II,  ciiiicn ridii .  and  .1/.  (■iij)r<  iis 
wci-c  removed  to  a  staked-otV  area  in  the  beech  woods.  in  '_*4 
hours  all  twenty  wei-e  estal)lishe(l  beneath  the  lop-hunuis  lial)itat. 
l-'ui-ther  examination  of  the  ai'ea  .']()  days  later  showed  that  none 
had  souiilit  shcltei-  beneath  the  axaiiable  stones,  but  (»f  14  indi- 
viduals that  the  writer  was  able  to  locate  all  were  in  the  lo.udiunnis 
habitat. 

1!aki:i;.  K.  ('.  18f)8.  The  molhisca  of  tlu'  Cliicai:'*)  area.  \)\ .  1: 
i'clccypoda.      ('Idca^o  Acad.  Sci.,  liull.  3,  ]^.  2(). 

I')i.\.\i;v.  A.  ls,")l.  The  tei-i-esti-ial  air-broatliin^  niollusks  of  the 
Cnited  States,  etc..  p.  47.  liostoii.  Chai'les  ('.  Little  c^  .1. 
Bi'ow  n. 

r.l.v.vKV.  W.  (;..  A.M)  T.  r.l.A.xn.  ISdlt.  I.and  and  fi-esh  water 
shells  of  Xoi'tii  America,  pt.  1  :  I'ulmonata  (ieophila.  Smiths. 
Misc.  Collee.,  no.  11*4.  p.  'J. 

r,iN-XEV,  W.  G.  188.").  A  manual  of  American  land  shells.  V.  S. 
\.  Museum  Bull.,  28,  j).  11. 

Si.Mpso.x,  (i.  15.  IfHIl.  Anatomy  and  |)hysioloj:y  of  Polyi^yra 
all)olabris  and  I>imax  maximus,  etc  New  York  State  Mu- 
seum \\[\\\..  40.  vol.  s.  |).  •J4:{. 


16  THE   XAITlLrs  [VoL.   55    ,1) 

A  NEW  RACE  OF  PARAPHOLYX  EFFUSA 
By  Fkaxk  ('.  Rakkk 

pAirAPIIOLYX  EFFISA  KLAMATHEN.S1S  UOV.  var.       Fi<r.  1. 

Shell  difFerinjr  from  typical  cffusa  in  bein«r  twiie  as  laiire,  iniuli 
thinner,  the  body  whorl  more  voluminous;  the  aperture  is  lar«rer. 
hijrher  than  wide  and  in  adult  specimens  more  eifuse;  the  lower 
part  of  the  aperture  is  more  auirular;  the  c-olumella  is  thinner 
and  less  indented  and  the  inner  lip  is  narrowly  reflei-ted  over  the 
folumellar  re«rion.  but  not  as  tiirhtly  as  in  iffxsa:  there  is  some- 
times a  small  umbilical  t-hink ;  in  immature  shells  the  aperture 
is  nin.l)  liiLrlier  tliaii  wide.      Color  greenish  horn  tt»  IJLdit  brown: 


#^1 

# 


Fig.   1,  Parapholyx  effiixa  klamaflunxi.s.      Figs.  2.  ;^.  Hiipsnbia  tanpi. 


sculpture  of  fine  jrrowth  lines  crossed  l)v  fine  s]iiral  lines.      Edirt 

of  lip  thin  and  sharp. 

H.  11.  3:         M.  diam.  14.0:         L.  diam.  !1.:J : 

n  8.5  mm.  Holotvjie 
II.  1U.5:         .M.  diaiii.  1",.8:         L.  diam.'  9:2: 

1)  8.5  mm.  Paratvpe 
II.    9.5:         .M.  diam.  13.0:         L.  diam.' 9.0  : 

1)  8.0  mm.  Paratype 


Apcituiv  II.  !t.4; 
Ai>crturc  II.  !).(): 
.\pci'tiii-c  II.  S.2: 


Type  htcality:  East  side  I'pper  Klamath  Lake.  13  miles  north 
<»f  Klamath  Falls,  Klamath  Co..  (>re;ron.  Collected  by  H.  \\. 
P.akfM-.     Types  in  r.S..\..M..  Xo.  406024. 

Some  .50  specimens  (»f  this  lar«:-e  form  of  » ffusn  have  been  e.\- 
amine<l  and  it  ap|ieai*s  racially  distinct  fi-om  the  smaller  type 
form  found  in  California.  It  is  n'lated  to  Punifihnhi.r  nniillinrtli 
llanna  from  Kairle  Lake.  (  al..  differing'  in  beinjr  lar^^er  and 
thinner  with  a  narrowei-  columella  les.s  deeply  indented.  The 
aperture  is  roundel-  and  is  not  shai-ply  an'_Milar  below,  as  in  /*((///- 


July.    1941]  THE  NAUTILUS  17 

liardi.  Tlie  form  of  the  columellar  lip  in  mailliardi  allies  it  with 
solida  Dall  rather  than  with  effusa.  P.  e.  klamathensis  is  an 
abundant  niollusk  in  Upper  Klaniatli  Lake.  A  specimen  from 
the  outlet  of  Upper  Klamath  Lake,  collected  by  J.  Henderson, 
measures  12  mm.  in  height  and  15.5  mm.  in  diameter.  The  types 
of  effusa  came  from  the  Sacramento  River,  Cal.  (Lea  collection 
121167,  U.S.N.M.)  and  a  specimen  measures,  H.  6.1;  Gr.  diam. 
8.0;  L.  diam.  6.0;  Aperture  H.  4.5;  D.  4.5  mm. 


A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  FRESH  WATER  MOLLUSK 
FROM  CHINA 

By  SUI-FONG  CHEN 

In  a  collection  of  Chinese  fresh  water  mollusks  received  by  the 
United  States  National  Museum  from  C.  C.  Tang,  there  is  one 
undescribed  species  which  is  now  described  and  named.  I  am 
taking  the  pleasure  to  name  this  species  after  the  collector,  C.  C. 
Tang,  who  has  done  a  great  deal  of  work  concerning  the  problem 
of  molluscan  intermediate  hosts  in  China. 

I  wish  here  to  express  my  appreciation  to  the  authorities  of  the 
United  States  National  ]\Iuseum  and  to  Dr.  Paul  Bartsch,  the 
Curator  of  Mollusks  and  Cenozoic  Invertebrates,  for  the  privilege 
of  studying  their  Chinese  collection. 

IIypsobia  tangi,  new  species.     Fig.  2. 

Shell  very  small,  fragile,  elongate-turreted,  pale  yellow  through- 
out, covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  periostracum.  Nuclear  whorls 
eroded,  with  4  whorls  remaining.  Postnuclear  whorls  inflated, 
well  rounded,  and  marked  with  microscopic  incremental  lines. 
Spiral  sculpture  absent.  Suture  well  impressed.  Periphery 
moderately  rovmded.  Umbilicus  strongly  perforated.  Aperture 
elliptical,  pyriform  and  strongly  flared ;  base  long,  slightly 
rounded,  but  rather  flattened;  outer  lip  simple,  well  expanded, 
thickened  within;  inner  lip  simple,  thickened,  slightly  arched 
almost  parallel  to  the  parietal  wall,  separated  from  it  by  a  nar- 
row suture.      Columella  simple.      Operculum  thin  with  a  sub- 

3—1—3 
central  nucleus.     The  radula  has  the  formula        ,-,     :  3-1-4 :  15 

:10.     Fig.  3. 

The  type,  Ignited  States  National  iMuseum  Catalogue  number 
516433,  was  collected  by  C.  C.  Tang  at  Ying-an,  central  Fukien 


18  THE   NAUTILUS  [VoL.    55    (1) 

Province,  China,  and  gives  the  following:  measnrements :  length 
2.4  mm. ;  diameter  1.2  mm. ;  length  of  aperture  1.0  mm. 

This  species  resembles  Hypsohm  humida  Heude,  but  it  is  much 
smaller  and  the  body  whorl  comparatively  is  also  smaller. 


LYMNAEA  AURICULARIA  LINNAEUS  IN  WESTERN 
WASHINGTON  AND  KAMCHATKA 

By  W.  J.  EYERDAM 

Recently  Professor  Trevor  Kincaid  told  me  that  he  had  found 
a  decidedly  unfamiliar  species  of  Lymnaea  in  a  small  lake  north 
of  Seattle.  From  his  description  it  was  easj^  to  guess  that  the 
species  must  be  Lymnaea  auricularm  Linne.  When  I  received 
three  specimens  I  was  able  to  verify  my  guess  definitely. 

In  my  own  collection  I  have  specimens  that  I  took  from  a  small 
artificial  pond  north  of  Seattle  in  1933  and  another  small  lot 
from  Green  Lake,  north  Seattle,  in  1934.  At  that  time  the  shore 
of  the  lake  was  littered  with  windrows  of  dead  shells  of  Lymnaea 
palustris  Miill.,  Physa  virginea  gahhii  Tryon,  Planorhis  trivolvis 
horriii  Tryon,  and  Anodonta  kennerlyi  Lea.  Only  two  broken 
shells  of  Lymnaea  auricularia  L,  were  found  amongst  the  thou- 
sands of  Lymnaea  palustris. 

Only  a  casual  mention  of  this  species  is  made  in  Hendersons' 
"The  non-marine  mollusca  of  Oregon  and  Washington"  1929. 
This  is  on  page  132.  Henderson  merely  states.  "The  range  and 
synonymy  given  by  Hannibal  are  wholly  untenable." 

The  specimens  taken  from  Green  Lake  and  the  small  lake  north 
of  Seattle  by  Kincaid  compare  rather  closely  with  specimens  that 
I  collected  in  a  pond  on  the  shore  of  the  river  Tom  near  Tomsk, 
Siberia,  in  1928.  Specimens  that  I  collected  in  a  .small  artificial 
pond  north  of  Seattle  compare  quite  closely  with  topotypes  of 
Lymnaea  stagnalis  occidentalis  Iloniphill  collected  by  Junius 
Henderson  in  1928  in  Lake  Whatcom  near  Hclliugluun,  except  tliat 
the  spire  is  somewhat  shorter  and  the  color  is  a  darker  greenish 
horn  color,  also  that  the  Lake  Whatcom  sliclls  are  more  or  less 
iiijillcatcd.  The  character  of  luallcat ion  is  not  very  consistent 
willi  our  I'li^ct  Sound  region  t'rcsli  water  shells  as  it  occurs  fre- 
(lucntly  amongst  individual  ovei-grown  Lymnaea  and  Physa  in 
some  of  our  numerous  tiuaternary  lakes,  especially  those  with 


July.    1!)41]  THE   NAUTILUS  19 

deep  mudily  bottom  and  shores.  A  few  shells  from  the  small 
artifieial  pond  north  of  Green  Lake  also  compare  closely  with 
spei'imens  that  I  collected  in  Yorkshire,  En<,'land  in  1928  and  at 
Stockholm,  Sweden,  in  1930.  Several  of  the  ^-{jrown  specimens 
are  similar  to  two  specimens  that  I  collected  in  a  pond  near  the 
month  of  the  Kamchatka  river  at  Ustj,  Kamtchatsk,  in  1925. 
The  Kamchatka  specimens  are  also  dead  rinprers  for  some  of  the 
topotypic  specimens  from  Lake  Whatcom  and  also  differ  but 
slijrhtly  from  specimens  of  Lymnaea  pereger  Miill.  which  I  have 
from  Surrey,  England.  The  most  typical  altho  rather  under- 
sized specimens  of  Lymnaea  auricularia  that  I  have  are  from  the 
Bystrytza  river  in  Poland.  My  specimens  from  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Kamchatka  river  have  been  submitted  to  three  American 
specialists  of  moUusks  and  they  each  gave  them  a  different  name, 
thus  proving  that  none  of  them  had  had  much  to  do  with  East 
Siberian  shells.  Vanatta  called  them  Lymnaea  vahlii  Moller 
which  is  a  Greenland  species,  Bartsch  called  them  Lymnaea  ovata 
Linne,  which  comes  pretty  close  to  being  correct,  while  Bryant 
^Valker  following  "Westerlund  who  was  one  of  the  best  authorities 
on  northern  Asian  freshwater  shells,  called  them  Lymnaea  ovata 
Drap.  var.  aherrans  West,  which  is  probably  correct  when  judged 
by  hair-splitting  differences. 

Without  comparisons  of  anatomical  material  and  judging  only 
from  shell  characters  it  seems  that  there  must  be  imperceptible 
gradations  of  characters  that  link  Lymnaea  stagnalis,  Lymnaea 
ovata,  Lymnaea  pereger,  and  Lymnaea  auricularia  with  each 
other.  Vast  areas  in  northern  Asia  have  never  been  explored  for 
shells  and  northern  Canada  and  Alaska  are  still  practically  un- 
touched, although  Dr.  Alan  Mozley  has  done  a  great  deal  in  those 
regions  in  collecting  freshwater  shells. 

I  conclude  that  the  introductions  by  accident  of  Lymnaea  auri- 
cularia with  aquarium  specimens  to  western  Washington  have 
come  from  various  countries  in  Europe,  especially  from  England 
and  Germany.  Lymnaea  auricularia  intergrades  closely  into 
several  races  of  Lymnaea  stagnalis  and  besides  being  common  to 
northern  and  central  Europe  is  scattered  sparingly  throughout 
the  river  systems  of  northern  Asia  and  the  quaternary  regions  of 
North  America. 


20  THE   NAUTILUS  [VoL.    55    (1) 

WHAT  IS  ANODONTA   (EUPHRATA)  BAHLIKIANA 

PALLARY? 

By  dr.  F.  HAAS 

In  1933  Pallary  (Bull.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris  (2),  5,  p.  150) 
proposed  a  new  section  of  Anodonta,  Euphrata,  for  an  assumedly 
new  species  from  Nahr  Bahlik,  a  left  tributarj^  of  the  Euphrates 
in  Syria.  When  in  1940  I  published  my  tentative  classification 
of  Palearctic  Unionids  (Zool.  Ser.  Field  Mus.,  24,  p.  115-141; 
1940),  no  more  detailed  description  of  this  new  Anodonta  from 
Syria  had  come  to  my  knowledge  and  so,  familiar  with  Pallary 's 
tendency  toward  splitting  up  old  and  known  species,  I  tentatively 
added  his  "species"  of  Anodojita  to  the  synonomy  of  Anodonta 
cygnea  Linne.  Very  shortly  after  the  above-mentioned  classifica- 
tion had  been  published,  Pallary 's  "Deuxieme  Addition  a  la 
Faune  Malacologique  de  la  Syrie"  (Mem.  Inst.  Egypt.,  39,  p.  1- 
141,  pis.  1-7,  1939)  was  received  and  an  adequate  description  and 
figure  of  Anodonta  (Euphrata)  hahlikiana  was  found  in  it ;  and 
this  additional  information  made  it  obvious  that  the  species  in 
question  can  by  no  means  be  separated  from  Anodonta  vcscoiana 
Bourguignat,  1857.  If  I  had  been  mistaken  in  combining  hahliki- 
ana with  cygnea,  I  had  been  right  in  so  far  as  hahlikiana  was  no 
new  species,  and  owed  its  creation  only  to  too  fine  a  discrimi- 
nation. 

The  exact  systematical  position  of  Anodonta  {Euphrata) 
hahlikiana  now  being  suggested,  a  word  or  two  may  be  said  about 
the  section  Euphrata  created  for  Anodonta  hahlikiana.  As  I  have 
tried  to  point  out  in  1940,  Anodonta  vescoiana,  now  including 
A.  hahlikiana,  does  not  belong  to  the  Palearctic  group  of  A. 
cygnea,  but  to  the  same  grouj>  as  A.  woodiana  Lea,  widely  spread 
in  East  Asia  and  oven  represented  in  the  North  American  fauna 
by  the  species  grouping  themselves  around  .1.  grandis  Say.  To 
my  judgment,  this  group  belongs  to  typical  Anodonta,  and  can- 
not be  separated  into  a  special  subgenus  or  section.  This  has  been 
tried  by  P.  Fischer,  who  (Man.  Condi.,  1886.  ]>.  1003)  projiosed 
the  subgeneric  natne  of  Pieranodon  for  Anodonta  magnifica  Lea, 
now  considered  a  synonym  of  Anodonta  woodiana  Lea.  Logi- 
cally, Euphrata  r'nllary  thus  becomes  a  synonym  of  Pteranodon 
Fischer. 


.Iiil\.   1IM1  '  Tin:  N.M  Tins  'Jl 

(^)llitc  |-fft'ilt  l\  .  Slijiilili  (  l'";iliii('  (li-  rrU'SS..  .M<.|li|si|iM's.  4.  \<i. 
1 .  I  11  inn  id. I  c.  |).  117.  140  ;  !!>.■{>  I  lias  1 1- it '(I  to  rciiil'urcc  1  lie  scpar.i- 
tioii  (tf  tilt'  iroixliii ml  'jroiip  as  a  ilistiiit-t  siili^fiius.  I'li  tdiimltni. 
Irtiiii  A  iiii(hiiitii  propfr;  hut  tin-  tlist  iiu-t  i\t'  IVatiirt's  nlVt'i-t'd.  /.(.. 
sliajii'  t>r  tlif  slit'll  and  nf  tlif  lilttfliidiiiiii.  do  iitit  st't'in  fonN  iiit-iinj 
t»»  ni«'. 


NOTES  ON  ANGUISPIRA  AND  DISCUS 

V,\    tiOUDO.X    K.   .M.\(  .MII.I.AN 
(':iriK';xii'  ^^lls^'lml 

This  jiaptT  is  a  siipph'iiu'iit  tti  "A  Moiioiiraphic  Stmly  nl'  the 
Snails  ot  tilt'  (it'iit'i'a  Aiuiitispini  and  Discus  of  Xortli  AineiMca, 
I'Xtdusive  (»f  Mexico/'  which  appeared  under  my  authorshi])  in  the 
Aiinais  ot"  ilie  ('arne<iie  Museuin,  vol.  27,  lfl4(),  pp.  '.MA-A'li). 

Discus  piilulus  curl iidt us.  which  new  \arietal  name  I  .L;a\'e  to 
Discus  /jiitu'us  (iitijuatus,  stands  as  a  jiood  sul)s])eeies,  as  Hili.r 
fr<itul(i,  1)1  IS/)! ctii'd  cariuiitii  (Ji-atacaj)  (l>ull.  Am.  I\Ius.  Xat. 
Ilisi..  \i)|.  14.  1!>!;1,  |).  I^OiS  is  a  synonym  of  Discus  bnimili  uii/ro- 
iiiiiiifiiuus  iPils.  ).  I  had  the  o|)iiortunity  this  past  spi-iii<:-  of 
e.xaminin^'  (Jratacaji's  curiiidhi  at  the  American  Museum  of  Xatii- 
i*al  IIist(»i-y.  This  vai"iety  hatl  pre\it)usly  been  placetl  under 
Discus  piitiilus  iiiiijuldtus  Kutclika  as  a  (piestionable  synou\iii. 

The  tlisti'ihiit  ional  raniic  of  Discus  /jdliihis  ciinuiil us  can  he 
e.Nteiiileil  wcstwai'd  1o  (irand  Kapids.  Micliiiian.  ami  Whitehall, 
(ircenc  ('oiinty.  Illinois.  This  siihspccics  has  also  heeii  recortled 
from  Uritihton  aiitl  (  Ihcrliii.  nhio.  and  Xew   Harmony,  1  m liana. 

I II  t  he  Monoirrapli  ic  St  ndy  of  A  unii isjiini  ami  Discus  \  intdinleil 
three  idiarts  showiinj  the  intcrrclat  ionshi|)  of  the  \arioiis  species. 
(  Mil'  of  these  charts  showeil  Discus  ml  u  mid  I  us  i. Mueller).  D. 
iiiccl  iiiliicki  iV,  ( '.  liaker).  and  D.  in.  diii/uldtiis  (K.(M).  i  ile- 
-'•eiidiiiL.'-  from  D.  /idlulus.  Since  15.  Shimek  found  a  lixiiii:-  sjieci- 
iiieii  of  D.  iiiccliiiliicki  in  jowa  in  llt2.s  there  is  the  possibility  that 
this  species  is  not  ancestral  to  />.  /uilulus,  which  opinion  .).  P.  Iv 
.Morrison  holds.  From  this  it  is  moi'c  plausible  that  D.  iiicclni- 
tiicki  ami  D.  III.  d ui/iildl us  are  the  ancestral  or  parental  species  of 
/idtiilus.  or  all.  to'jt'ther  with  D.  iitl u luhil us,  are  otVsJioots  of  the 
same  common  aiicestt)r  that  e.xisted  in  the  jiast  ;it'olo<jical  aj.M's. 
I'^nrthcr    stud\'    of    Discus    samhisniii    (Kussell).    D.    siiiiillnnus 


22 


THE    XATTILrs 


[Vol.  55   (1) 


(Steanis),  jiiid  I).  iuiIsIoik  iisis  (  ('ockci-elh,  s|)('cinieiis  oi'  the 
("ciiozoic  and  Mcsozoic  Kras.  luav  pi'oxf  thai  one  of  these  is  the 
ancestor  of  all  the  s|)ecies  and  siiljspecies  ot'  !>iscus  in  North 
Auieriea. 

'I'o  the  list  ol'  species  of  Discus  shoidd  he  added  Discus  idii- 
r/o/y;/n described  ns  ZoiiHoiihs  ni iidnl pli i  by  II.  A.  Pilshi'v  in  the 
Xaftiij-s.  vol.  12.  ISf)!!.  ]).  ST. 

In  an  article  entitled  "TIk^  Catalogue  of  the  l'>inne>'  and  Ulantl 
Colleetion  of  the  Terrest I'ial  Air-hreatiiinji'  Mollnsks  of  the  I'nitcMl 
States  and  Tei'ritoi'ies  in  the  Aniei-ican  Mnsenin  of  Xatni'al  llis- 
t()i\\',  with  enniiierat  ions  of  Types  and  Ki.iinred  specimens;  and 
supplemental^-  notes"  (Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Xat.  Hist.,  vol.  U.  1!)()1), 
L.  P.  (ii'atacap.  on  pa^e  857  iindei-  llili.r  (Pdhihi)  (ilhniuhi  Say, 
makes  the  followinL;  comment.  "\'ai'ialion  in  the  intensity  and 
distribution  of  tlie  coloi-  mai'ks.  pai'tial  su|)pression  and  very 
coai'sc  prominence  of  the  striae,  the  lattei'  in  its  exti'cmc  foi'm  in 
\ar.  cdstifiiru  Uld..  and  flattcMunL:  of  the  \\hoi-|s  are  the  unstable 
featui'es  of  this  shell,  etc."  'flic  \ai'iet.\'  called  coslif/fid  by  T. 
IJIand  is  a  synonym  ol'  A  iK/uispnu  alh  rinihi  jiu ucicoslalu 
Kut<'hka.  which  had  prexiously  l)eeu  |)laced  as  a  synon.xiu  of 
.1.  Ill  1 1  riKihi  cnstiila  (Lewis),  and  which  (iratacap  thought  was 
synonymous  with  .1.  '/.  costiita.  .1.  (/.  jiiiucicoslniii  has  been 
found  in  Monroe  County.  Tennessee,  by  Mrs.  (i.  Auilrews  and  a 
s|)ecimen  from  the  ('rooke  ('ollection  at  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  llistor.x    is  labeled  "Smoky  Abiniitains. " ' 

The  (list  ribiit  ional  raiejc  of  A  ik/ii  ispiid  dl  l<  riinhi  cnissu  (Mapp 
can  l)e  e.xleiided  to  include  localities  in  (Oklahoma  and  .Missouri. 
This  subspecies  had  been  separated  from  ulh  rinihi  as  a  \ariety  by 
prexioiis  workers  on  .North  .\mericaii  laiul  snails.  The  Uinney 
iiiid  l.laiid  ("ollectioii  contains  ;i  specimen  of  .1.  ul h  riiulu  labeled 
"II I  III  (ilhriKihi  \:\\\  Idi  ritiul us  of  my  notes  4.  Is  it  nifichi 
I  'a  rr.  .'. ' "  and  a  not  her  labeled  "  ul  h  riiula  \;ir.  4  ;  not  i  ii  t  (  ct<i ."  c\'\- 
deiilly  recei\('d  from  L.  IMCilfer.  In  the  same  collertiou  are  lixc 
specimens  labeled  1/ <  I i.r  dl h  riia hi  diishdlis  from  Tennessee.  I'roiii 
l-:iliot. 

To  A  iii/u  is/iiiii  III  h  r  lid  III  s  III  1 1  h  I  W'a  Iker  should  be  added  St  even - 
son,  .Jackson  ("oiiiily.  .\labaiiia.  as  a  new  loc.ility  record.  This 
subspecies  has  been   found   near   Ilniits\ille  in   ttie  same  county. 


July,  1941]  THE  nautilus  23 

A  specimen  of  A.  altcrnata  carijiula  (l*ilsl)ry  &  Rhoads)  found 
at  Pelluun,  AVosti'hester  County,  New  York,  extends  tlie  distrd)n- 
tional  ran{::e  of  this  shell  eastward  from  Pennsylvania  throutrh 
New  Jersey  to  New  York;  and  there  is  the  possibility  that  this 
subsjieeies  mijrht  be  collected  also  in  Delaware. 

While  the  Monojrraphic  Study  of  Anguispira  and  Discus  was 
in  press  a  new  variety  of  Anguispira  kochi  had  been  described  as 
eyerdami  by  W.  J.  Clench  and  Gilbert  Banks  (Mem.  Soc.  Cubana 
Hist.  Xat..  vol.  13,  1939,  p.  285,  pi.  36,  fijr.  3).  As  I  did  not  receive 
the  reprint  of  this  article  until  after  my  paper  had  come  from 
the  press,  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  include  it  in  that  paper. 
However,  from  the  description  and  fijrures  of  Anguispira  kochi 
eyerdami  and  the  remarks  concerninfr  it,  I  cannot  refrain  from 
considering  it  as  a  synonj'm  of  A.  kochi.  Even  if  it  is  considered 
a  smaller,  darker  colored,  and  more  depressed  form  of  A.  kochi 
occidcntalis  (Martens),  it  is  still  a  synonym  of  A.  kochi,  as  I  have 
considered  the  former  only  a  narrower  and  taller  form  of  A. 
koch  i. 

For  distributional  records  the  following  localities  for  Angui- 
spira altcrnata  eriensis  (Clapp)  are  given: 

ILLINOIS:  Utica,  LaSalle  County.  Kansas:  Kaw  River  Island, 
Lawrence,  Douglas  County.  Maine  :  Orono,  Penobscot  County ; 
Cliff  Island,  Casco  Bay,  Cumberland  County ;  Rum  Key,  French- 
man's  Bay,  Hancock  County;  Bald  Porcupine  Island,  French- 
man's Bay,  Hancock  County.  Massachusetts:  House  Island, 
Essex  County ;  Manchester,  Essex  County ;  Eagle  Island,  Marble- 
head,  Essex  County.  Michigan:  Bay  Point,  Monroe  County; 
Macinaw,  Cheboygan  County;  Cedarville,  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
Mackinac  County  ;  Cascade  Glen,  Ann  Arbor,  "Washteiuiw  County. 
New  York  :  Buffalo,  Erie  County ;  Ossian,  Livingston  County ; 
Bluff  Island,  St.  Lawrence  River,  Jefferson  County.  OniO:  San- 
dusky, Erie  County;  Kelleys  Island,  Lake  Erie,  Erie  County; 
Perrysburg  Township,  Wood  County;  Shore  of  Maumee  Bay, 
Lucas  County ;  Green  Island,  Sugar  Island,  Starve  Island,  North 
Bass  Island,'  South  Bass  Island,  Gibraltar  Island,  West  Sister 
Island,  Put-in-Bay  Island,  and  Rattlesnake  Island,  Lake  Erie, 
Ottawa  County.  Pennsylvania:  North  Girard,  Erie  County. 
Wisconsin  :  Shore  of  Lake  Koshkong,  Dane  County. 

Ont.\rio:  Hamilton,  Wentworth  County;  Hen  Island,  Pelee 
Island,  East  Sister  Island,  Middle  Sister  Island  and  North  Harbor 
Island,  Lake  Erie,  Essex  County.     Quebec  :  Cap  Rouge. 


24  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

PUERTO  RICAN  OLEACININAE 
Br  H.  BURRINGTON  BAKER 

In  1935  (Naut.  49:  21-22)  a  key  to  the  Jamaican  subgenera 
and  sections  of  Varicella  has  briefly  outlined  their  salient  charac- 
teristics. In  the  present  survey  of  the  Oleacininae  of  Puerto  Rico 
(West  Indies),  which,  although  poor  in  specific  diversity  (7  spe- 
cies), exhibit  more  fundamental  divergences  than  do  the  numer- 
ous Jamaican  forms,  the  anatomy  of  some  of  the  members  of  the 
other  groups  is  figured  for  comparison. 

In  plates  1  and  2,  each  scale  for  radular  teeth  indicates  a  length 
of  0.01  mm.,  for  the  right  half  of  a  transverse  row  (T)  0.1  mm., 
and  for  genitalia  and  pallial  complexes  1  mm.  Those  abbreviated 
labels,  which  are  not  explained  in  the  text,  are  defined  in  Bull. 
Bishop  Mus.  166:337  (1941). 

In  the  following  anatomical  definition  of  Varicella,  compari- 
sons are  made  with  that  of  Salasiclla  (Naut.  54:  80)  and  only 
salient  differences  will  be  noted.  The  anatomy  of  one  species  in 
each  genus  or  subgenus  is  similarly  compared  to  that  of  V.  levco- 
zonias  striatella. 

Foot  elongate,  with  strong  radiating  sulci ;  head  with  mid- 
dorsal  cord  marked  off  by  2  sulci ;  tail  usually  with  weak  mid- 
dorsal  sulcus  broken  posteriad ;  sole  abruptly  pointed  or  rounded. 
Mantle  collar  deep  on  palatal  side,  with  small  pneumostome  (LP, 
f.  3)  and  broad  glandular  zone  (MG)  with  anal  lobe.  Right 
mantle-lappet  (MR)  distant  from  parietal  angle  (AP)  ;  left  ones 
broad,  with  anterior  (MA)  far  from  posterior  (MP),  which  be- 
gins near  small  basal  lobe  (LU)  and  runs  up  columellar  side. 
Lung  wall  with  minor  venation  ])resent  but  indistinct  (not 
sliown).  Kidney  (K),  ureter  (KD)  and  groove  (KS)  along 
hindgut  (HG)  similar. 

Ovotestis  (G,  f.  1)  with  fan-shaped  groups  of  alveoli  in  larger 
species.  Vagina  (V)  usually  very  short ;  spermathoca  (S)  with 
stouter  stalk  (SS).  Spermatophore  of  V.  nunuh  rillcnsis  slender, 
fusiform  and  smootii;  witli  horny  wall.  Prostate  (DG)  long, 
attached  to  uterus  (UT)  full  length.  Epiph;illus  (E)  without 
free  siieath,  continuous  (EP)  witii  penis;  well  developed,  with 
flagellum  (EF)  and  receiving  retractor  (PR).  Penis  (P)  with- 
out diverticulum;  often  with  thin,  partially  free  or  intimate 
sheath  (PS;  outline  only)  ;  with  large  cerebral  nerve  to  ba.se  but 
with  another  jx-dal  one  to  epiphallus.    Atrium  (Y)  various. 


TIIK    X  A  I  'I'll 


I'LATI".    1 


f>tC  O)       MP 


l'ij;s.  l-o.  Vark-iUa  \<  iivitzttnuis  slriali  lla.  F\}X.  I,  Ldivnriclhi  ;iliilirii. 
Fig.  o,  J',  priiri  rn.  Fif^s.  (>-7,  Sif/ninfa.ris  Idrviii.snihis.  Fif^s.  .S-<»,  C.  uciili- 
roslnlti  Jmrrithi. 


IH-S:   .15    (1) 


Ki^rs.      1(1-11.      I 

KiKs.    Ml-.    '■■ 
'jn,  /,.  /ihii/ii. 


.v»/r///o.v,;.      Imks.    !<•'    17,    l,<nra,ir,lhi    ,nl .  rr>ipl,i.      Fi«s.    18- 


July.    1941]  THE  NAUTILUS  25 

Labial  lobes  short  but  evident ;  buccal  bulb  ellipsoid ;  salivary 
{jfland  rinjr  fusiform.  Oesophajrus  (without  crop)  enterinf;  near 
middle  of  buccal  bulb.  Radular  teetii  with  subaculcate  to  acule- 
ate mesocone  markedly  dominant ;  inner  3  or  4  centrifufjals  often 
slijrhtly  incrca.sinj;  in  size;  ribbon  1/15  to  1/5  lenjjfth  of  shell 
(bifrp:er  than  in  most  Spiraxinae),  with  46-164  (mainly  60+), 
mesally  almost  transverse  to  V-shaped  rows  of  29-181  teeth  each. 
Nerve  ring:  more  concentrated. 

The  Cuban  jrroup  Glandinella  (tentatively  classed  as  section  of 
Melaniella)  and  the  Haitian  p:roups  Varicellidca  and  Varicellop- 
sis  (larg:e  shells  with  spiral  sculpture)  are  omitted  from  the  fol- 
lowing: key  to  the  anatomically  known  subgenera  of  Varicella, 
Sigmataxis  and  Laevaricclla. 

1.  Genus  Varicella  Pfr. :  radula  (not  over  1/8  shell  length)  with 

over  46  (mainly  60  +)  fairly  transverse  rows  of  small  teeth, 
tricuspid  central  and  at  least  bicuspid  centrifugals ;  vagina 
not  very  short;  penis,  internally  plicate,  demarcated  by 
constriction  from  long  naked  epiphallus,  which  receives 
retractor  below  vas  and  has  flagellum ;  spermatheca  most 
sacculate  above  aorta;  shell  slender  with  w'idely  spaced 
riblets;  varices  distinct,  w'ith  growth  sculpture  between 
them;  columella  weakly  truncate;  type  V.  acuticostata; 
Fla.,  Cuba  &  (?)  Haiti: subgenus  Melaniella  Pfr. 

2.  Like  1,  but  central  with  ectocones  vestigial  or  absent ;  vagina 

very  short;  animal  usually  with  dark  radial  bands;  shell 
shape  various  but  columella  usually  more  truncate;  type 
V.  leucozonias;  Jamaica  &  Haiti:  subgenus  Varicella  s.s. 

3.  Like  2  but  radula  (1/6  shell)  w'ith  all  teeth  unicuspid  and 

outer  spatulate  ones  in  rows  curving  caudad ;  penial  retrac- 
tor opposite  vas  entrance;  shell  varices  not  distinctly 
colored;  type  V.  curvilabris;  Jamaica: 

subgenus  Varicellina  Pils. 

4.  Like   3   but   radula    (1/5   shell)    with   all   teeth   aculeate   in 

V-shaped  rows;  epiphallus  opening  through  verge  into 
thin-walled  and  usually  small  penis;  penial  retractor  and 
shell  varices  more  like  1;  type  V.  portoriccnsis  (Pfr.); 
Puerto  Rico  &  Haiti : Vagavarix,  new  subgenus. 

5.  Like  4  but  flagellum  much  reduced;  radula  (1/7  shell)  witli 

fewer  (30)  rows  of  larger  teeth;  animal  usually  pale; 
columella  spirally  ascending  (not  truncate)  and  varices 
often  vague;  type  8.  laeviusculus ;  Jamaica: 

genus  Sigmataxis  Pils. 

6.  Like  4  but   penis  &  epiphallus   invested   by   heavy   sheath, 

which  apically  receives  retractor;  plicate  epiphallic  cham- 


26  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

ber  demarcated  from  penial  only  by  change  to  papillate 
lining-  and  base  of  large  stimulator;  spermatheca  very  sae- 
ciilate  below  aorta ;  shell  smoothish  between  distinct 
varices,  with  pupiform  apex;  type  L.  semitariim;  Lesser 

Antilles  to  Haiti : genus  &  subgenus  Laevaricella  Pils. 

7.  Like  6  but  epiphallus  receiving  vas  apieally  and  opening 
through  verge  into  small  penis  (without  stimulator)  ; 
radula  1/4  shell  length;  atrial  opening  distant  from  ten- 
tacles; shell  with  obtusely  conic  apex;  type  L.  glabra 
(Pfr.)  ;  Puerto  Rico: Boriqucna,  new  subgenus. 

Varicella  (Melaniella)  acuticostata  horrida  Pilsbry,  pi.  1, 
figs.  8-9.  Man.  Conch.  19 :  54. 
The  dissected  animals  were  collected  by  Miguel  L.  Jaume  at 
Mogote  de  Fonte,  San  Andreas,  Consolaeion  del  Norte,  Pinar  del 
Rio,  Cuba  (ANSP.  163913).  Melaniella  is  the  least  distinct  of  the 
4  subgenera  of  Varicella. 

Foot  fuscous  laterally ;  mantle  collar  pale.  Lung  pale,  2.7  base 
or  kidney  (little  over  base  or  1.5  pericardium).  Ovotestis 
(omitted  from  f.  9)  with  5  alveoli.  Penis  internally  with  5  pilas- 
ters, of  which  largest  expands  apieally  into  obcordate  papilla 
(outlined  at  PP).  Radula  (f.  8)  with  79  broadly  V-shaped  (T) 
rows  of  51  teeth ;  almost  all  centrifugals  bicuspid ;  1  mm.  long. 
[In  V.  gracillima  floridana  Pils.  from  Stock  Island,  animal  pale 
with  dark  tentacles ;  vagina  much  shorter  and  stouter,  but  as  long 
as  free  oviduct.] 

V.  (s.s.)  leucozonias  striatella  Pilsbr}-,  pi.  1,  figs.  1-3.  Man. 
Conch.  19 :  95. 
The  figured  animals  were  collected  in  the  John  Crow  Mts. 
(EEJ),  Jamaica  (ANSP.  168242).  Other  species  studied  are,  in 
the  section  Costavarix,  V.  mandevillensis,  with  37  radular  teeth 
in  each  of  61  rows,  and  V.  adamsiana,  with  55  in  69;  in  Vari- 
cellula,  V.  hlandiana,  with  45  teeth  (75  rows)  ;  in  Variccllaria, 
V.  procera,  with  95  teeth  (f.  5)  in  80  rows  (central  with  1-3  very 
variable  cusps)  ;  and,  in  EuvariccUa,  V.  similaris,  with  91  teeth. 
V.  hiplicatula  dissimilis  with  101  (77  rows),  V.  vcuusta  with  113 
(73),  V.  nnuorcnsis  with  74  (69),  V.  spina  with  29,  and  V.  Levis 
with  33  (58). 

Foot  (alive)  blue-black  with  lighter  sulci;  long  but  stout;  ten- 
tacles reddish  orange;  labial  lobes  short  triangular.  Surface  of 
mantle  collar  (f.  3)  and  lappets  dark,  with  light  border.     Lung 


.hily.  1941]  THE  xAt'TiLus  27 

(lark  with  jet  blotches.  Carrcfour  (X,  1".  1)  imbedded.  Epi- 
pliallus  iiiteriiaily  with  ii-re^Mihirly  rhoinljoid  fohls;  externally 
deniarcatcHl  from  penis  by  sphineter.  [Flairellum  sli;j:litly  smaller 
in  ]'.  firoctra,  subeipial  in  V.  nunuh  rilUnsis,  bif^^^'r  in  V.  simi- 
laris,  abont  len^Mli  of  rest  of  epii)liallus  in  V.  spina  and  lonjrest 
in  V.  bhindiana ;  all  ^vitil  retractor  nearer  epii>hallie  base  and 
rijrht  eye  muscle  in  atrial  anjrle.]  Penis  internally  with  5  beaded 
pilasters.  Ki«rht  eye  muscle  free  from  {lenitalia.  Radula  (f,  2) 
with  181  teeth  in  149  rows  (T)  ;  all  centrifu<rals  bicuspid ;  4.5  mm. 
lonjr. 

V.   (VaRICELUXA)  VICINA  PORTLANDENSIS  H.B.B.,  pi.  2,  figS.  10-11. 

Xaut.  49:23  (1935). 
The  figured  animals  are  from  the  type  lot  (ANSP.  162992), 
collected  near  Nonesuch  (EJ3a),  Jamaica.  Since  ectocones  are 
present  on  all  the  centrifugals  in  the  preceding  subgenera  and  on 
none  in  this  species,  the  gap  between  Varicella  s.s.  and  Variccllina 
seems  tiie  greatest  inside  the  genus. 

Foot  slender  and  moderately  dark.  Mantle  collar  pale.  Lung 
diffusely  pigmented;  almost  5  times  base  or  4  kidney  (1.4  base  or 
pericardium).  Vagina  (f.  10)  swollen  and  thick  walled.  Radula 
(f.  11)  with  83  rows  (T)  of  93  unicuspid  teeth,  which  are  aculeate 
and  in  transverse  series  out  to  18th,  but  then  assume  spatulate 
cusps  and  curve  obliquely  caudad ;  2.3  mm.  long. 

V.  (Vagavarlx)  portoricensis  (Pfeiffer),  pi.  2,  figs,  12-13.  Man. 
Conch.  19 :  122. 
The  dissected  specimens  come  from  2  miles  south  of  Cataiio 
(JNl),  Puerto  Rico  (ANSP.  177530).  Although  conchologically 
very  similar  to  Eu varicella,  Vagavarix  is  anatomically  the  most 
divergent  subgenus  of  Varicella,  and  has  little  in  common  with 
Varicellina  except  its  unicuspid  radular  teeth. 

Foot  more  elongate,  lightly  pigmented ;  tail  flat  dorsad,  with 
evident  median  sulcus;  tentacles  paler.  Mantle  collar  pale,  nar- 
rower ;  lappets  larger,  pigmented.  Lung  with  pale  areas ;  4  times 
base  or  kidney  (1.3  base  or  pericardium).  Spermathecal  sac 
(f.  12)  constricted  bv  aorta.  Ejiiphallus  opening  at  half  Icntrth 
of  verge  (uncovered' at  PV).  Radula  (f.  13)  has  124  rows  (T) 
of  89-101  slender  aculeate  teeth ;  1st  centrifugal  longest ;  ribbon 
3.5  mm.  long. 

V.   (Vagavarix)  calderoni  H.B.B.     Notulae  Naturae  88 :  (1941). 
The  type  (ANSP.  177551)  has  been  dissected. 
Like  V.  portoricensis  but:  Lung  much  paler  although  apex 


28  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

spotted.  Spermathecal  sac  much  shorter  and  stouter,  but  also 
constricted;  stalk  more  swollen  in  basal  half.  Flafrellum  about 
.6  as  long  as  shorter  epiphallus  proper,  which  has  a  knob-like 
caecum  opposite  vas  entrance  and  opens  at  .3  length  of  verge,  that 
is  as  long  as  penis  and  attenuate  apically.  Penis  much  larger,  as 
long  as  limbs  of  epiphallus  below  or  above  retractor;  w^eakly 
plicate  inside.  Atrium  shorter.  Radula  with  164  broadly- 
V-shaped  rows  of  95  teeth ;  3.1  mm.  long. 

V.   (Vagavarix)  SPORADICA  H.B.B.     Notulae  Naturae  88:  (1941). 
The  type  (ANSP.  177532)  has  been  dissected. 

Like  V.  sulculosa  but :  Foot  darker  dorsad ;  mantle  lappets  pig- 
mented. Lung  (and  apex)  much  darker;  about  4  times  base  or 
3  kidney.  Gonad  with  3  divided  alveoli  (more  like  V.  porto- 
ricensis).  Free  oviduct  longer;  vagina  and  base  or  spermathecal 
stalk  more  swollen.  Flagellum  with  a  vermiform  appendix  on  its 
caecum;  retractor  inserting  on  epiphallus  proper  ^  latter 's 
greater  length  below  vas  entrance.  Penis  and  verge  relatively 
smaller.     Radula  with  78  rows  of  41  teeth ;  length  2.5  mm. 

V.    (Vagavarix)   sulculosa    (Shuttleworth),  pi.  2,  figs.   14-15. 

V.   s.   and   V.    imprcssa    terebraefonnis    (Sh.),   Pils.,   Man. 

Conch.  19 :  119-121. 
The  figured  animals,  of  the  typical  form,  were  collected  at  the 
type  localitj^,  near  Humaeao  (ES3),  Puerto  Rico  (ANSP. 
177531).  The  smoother  form  (terebraeformis) ,  which  occurs  in 
damp  places  or  those  with  good  cover,  and  weakly  pigmented 
animals,  with  uniformly  whitish  shells,  were  also  dissected.  V. 
sulculosa  is  but  distantly  related  to  the  type  of  Vagavarix  and 
approaches  Sigmataxis  in  its  radula  and  flagellum. 

Like  V.  porforicoisis  but:  Tail  rounded  above,  with  weaker 
groove.  Mantle  lappets  pale,  larger.  Lung  with  s]iarse  spots 
(more  on  apex)  ;  5  times  base  or  almost  4  kidney  (1.2  base  or  1.4 
pericardium).  Ovotestis  (omitted  from  f.  14)  has  4  small  fans 
of  3-8  alveoli  each.  Flagellum  caeciform,  often  much  shorter 
than  in  f.  14;  epiphallus  opening  near  tip  of  verge.  Kadula  (f. 
15)  with  46  rows  (T)  of  35  teeth;  2.1  mm.  long. 

Sigmataxis  laeviusculus  (C.  B.  Adams),  \)\.  1,  figs.  6-7.    Spi- 

raxis  I.  Pils.,  Man.  Concli.  19:  M5. 

The  dissected  aninuils  come  from  near  Montcgo  Bay  (VCMa), 

Jamaica  (ANSP.  168357).     Their  radular  teeth  are  twice  as  long 

as  those  of  the  giant  V.  I<  ii<'():()ni<is.     Although  Sigmataxis  is  now 


July,    1941]  TIIK   NAT-TILTHS  20 

accepted  as  grenerioally  distinct  from  Varicella,  its  anatomical 
differences  are  not  nnicli  <rreater  than  and  similar  to  those  of 
Vagararix. 

Like  Varicella  but:  Foot  and  mantle  collar  pale.  Lunp:  pale, 
2.7  times  ba.se  or  3  kidney  (little  over  its  base  or  pericardium). 
Flajzellum  (f.  6)  much  reduced;  epiphallus  openin-;  at  ji  leii^'-tii 
of  verjre  (uncovered  at  PV)  ;  penis  with  2  beaded  pilasters. 
Radula  (f.  7)  \vith  35  teeth  in  29  rows  (T)  ;  increase  in  centrifu- 
jrals  out  to  4th  or  5th  more  marked;  almost  0.9  mm.  lon<r.  [S. 
procerus  has  more  elon<rate  lungr,  vestigial  flagellum  and  shorter, 
simple  penis,  almost  filled  by  larg:e  cjdindric  verjje.  RadTila  with 
27  teeth  in  29  rows;  central  .4  length  of  1st  (over  .1  mm.).] 

Laevaricella  (s.s.)  interrupta  (Shuttleworth),  pi.  2,  figrs.  16- 
17.  r.  /.  Pils.,  Man.  Conch.  19 :  126. 
The  fijrured  animal  was  collected  near  summit  of  the  Ponce- 
Ad  JTmtas  road  (PR2).  PTierto  Rico  (ANSP.  177533).  Unlike  the 
other  Puerto  Rican  oleacinines,  L.  interrupta  is  quite  arboreal. 
The  Haitian  V.  denticulata  suturalis  Pils.  (Man.  Conch.  19:  211) 
seems  also  to  be  a  Laevaricella.  Despite  its  geographic  pro- 
pinquity, this  genus  is  very  distinct  from  Varicella. 

Like  Varicella  but:  Foot  (alive)  very  long,  whitish  on  sides, 
shading  to  light  brown  near  sole,  top  of  head  and  tentacles;  sole 
large  and  abruptly  expanded.  Mantle  collar  and  lappets  with 
brownish  edges.  LTing  (and  apex)  pebbled  with  diffTise  pigment ; 
3.5  times  base  or  kidney  (1.2  base  or  1.4  pericardium).  Thick 
walled  swelling  of  spermathecal  stalk  lined  by  folds.  Vas  looping 
up  through  penial  sheath  and  down  in  penial  wall,  to  open  at  tip 
of  vergic  fold  (EP,  free  only  at  tip)  near  middle  of  penis.  Penis 
(lower  .7  and  all  sheath  opened  lengthwise)  fusiform,  with  thin- 
nish  wall  and  continuous  lumen;  apical  .6  (epiphallus  +  flagel- 
lum?)  internally  with  beaded  pilasters;  basal  .4  (penis  proper) 
lined  by  close  papillae,  with  flat  squarish  tips  (detail  at  P  in- 
creased 7.5  times),  which  also  cover  stimulator  (PP;  free  .3  of 
length).  Radula  (f.  17)  with  81  rows  (T)  of  99  teeth;  centrifu- 
gals increasing  slightly  out  to  4th,  with  small  outer  10-12  more 
spatulate;  4.5  mm.  long. 

L.  (BORIQUEXA)  PLATA  (H.B.B.),  pi.  2,  figs.  18-20.     V.  p.,  Xaut. 
53:  107  (1940). 
The  figured  animal  (38  mm.  shell)  was  collected  near  Old  Loiza 
(EXl),  Puerto  Rico   (ANSP.  177535).     Evidently,  L.  playa  is 
almost  sectionally  distinct  from  L.  glabra. 


30  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

Like  L.  glabra  but:  Foot  lighter,  shading  from  white  sole  to 
brownish  gray  dorsum ;  tentacles  paler.  Lung  with  black  net- 
work or  rows  of  spots  (as  on  apex)  ;  4  times  base  or  ahnost  3 
kidney  (over  twice  pericardium).  Spermatheca  (f.  19)  with  thin 
walled  swelling  of  stalk.  Vas  opens  \  way  down  principal  of  7 
epiphallic  pilasters.  Verge  uncovered  and  penial  sheath  half  cut 
way  in  f.  18.  Atrial  opening  slightly  less  than  halfway  back 
head.  Radula  (f.  20)  with  113  rows  of  187  teeth;  length  9.5  mm. 
Right  eye  muscle  in  atrial  angle, 

L.  (BoRiQUENA)  GLABRA  (Pfeiffcr),  pi.  1,  fig.  4.     V.  (J.  Pils.,  Man. 
Conch.  19 :  127. 
The  dissected  animals  were  collected  on  El  Yunque   (ER4), 
Puerto  Rico  (ANSP.  177534).     In  penial  reduction,  Boriquena 
parallels  Vagavarix. 

Like  L.  interrupta  but:  Foot  (alive)  with  dark  brown  bosses 
and  cream  sulci ;  tail  much  shorter  than  head ;  tentacles  dark. 
Edge  of  mantle  orange  with  light  border;  lappets  dark;  glands 
orange.  Lung  (and  apex)  black;  almost  thrice  base  or  2  kidney 
(attenuate  anteriad,  2  base  and  almost  2  pericardium).  Carre- 
four  shallowly  imbedded;  albumen  gland  (in  f.  4)  exhausted. 
Vas  enters  epiphallic  apex,  but  runs  down  as  plicate  cavity  in 
principal  pilaster  to  near  penis.  Epi])hallus  with  much  thicker 
wall  and  containing  5  high  thin  folds  besides  broad  pilaster. 
Penis  (verge  uncovered  and  sheath  half  cut  away)  and  atrium 
papillate ;  opening  near  visceral  stalk.  Radula  with  95  rows  of 
131  teeth;  1st  centrifugal  .15  mm.  long  and  outer  4-5  spatulate; 
length  8  mm.  Columellar  muscle  gives  off  shortly  2  retractors, 
each  of  which  divides  into  buccal  muscle  and  one  to  inferior  tenta- 
cle, palp  and  mouth ;  then,  soon  after,  2  more,  which  tlivide  in 
foot  into  eye  and  lateral  retractors.  Right  eye  muscle  free  from 
genitalia. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS 


Exact  Dates  of  The  Nautilus. — Vol.  54  (1)  :  pp.  1-38,  pi.  1. 
was  mailed  July  23,  1940;  (2)  :  39-74,  pis.  2-5,  Nov.  2,  1940;  (3)  : 
75-110,  pis.  6-8,  Feb.  4,  1941;  (4)  :  111-146,  pi.  9,  May  5,  1941.— 
H.B.B. 

Deroceras  on  Baffin  Island. — In  a  recent  article  in  these 
pages  (53:  127-131),  unaccountably  I  overlooked  an  earlier 
record  of  I)(  roct  nis  hypcrhoreum  West.,  published  by  Mr.  Aurele 
La  K()<-(iue  ill  the  ("anadiaii  Field-Xaturalist,  50:  142.  Nov.,  1936. 


.hily.  1941]  THE  xAi'TiLvs  31 

M\-  specimens,  wliicli  1  identified  as  Dcroccras  lacve  (Miill.),  and 
those  ret-eived  by  La  Hoeiine  ^vere  collected  in  the  same  locality — 
Lake  Ilarbonr.  on  the  Ilndsou  Strait  coast  of  Bafifin  Island. — 
John  Oughton. 

New  Kecokds  of  Introduced  Land  Shells  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia.— It  has  recently  come  to  mj^  attention  that  Helix  nemo- 
ralis  L.  has  been  observed  in  nursery  stock  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. Inspectors  of  the  Los  Anpreles  County  Agricultural 
Commission  discovered  immature  individuals  of  this  species  on 
June  29,  1938,  and  on  Oct.  28,  1940,  in  Los  Ang:eles.  Half-grown 
specimens  were  also  obtained  from  a  nursery  in  Redondo  Beach, 
Cal..  on  Jan.  25  and  Sept.  15,  1940.  In  all  instances  the  mollusks 
were  found  on  or  under  potted  plants. 

On  Nov.  5,  1941,  a  Los  Angeles  teacher,  Miss  Mary  Cornett, 
showed  me  a  specimen  of  Helix  lactca  Miiller  collected  in  Elysian 
Park  by  one  of  her  pupils.  Subsequent  search  of  the  locality 
uncovered  a  colony  of  this  species  spread  out  over  an  area  of 
about  twenty  acres.  An  effort  was  made  to  destroy  the  colony 
by  Los  Angeles  County  Inspectors,  who  gathered  many  specimens 
of  all  ages.  It  was  evident  that  the  colony  had  been  established 
there  for  a  long  time.  It  was  suggested  that  Italians  living  in  the 
vicinity  had  imported  them  from  Morocco  or  southern  Europe, 
as  a  shipment  of  live  specimens  from  Morocco  was  confiscated 
here  several  years  ago. — Howard  R.  Hill,  Los  Angeles  ^luseum. 

Obstructio  versus  Tropicorbis. — F.  C.  Baker,  in  a  note  in 
Nautilus,  53,  p.  106,  points  out  that  Obstructio  (Zool.  Ser.  Field 
.Mus.  Xat.  Hist.,  24:  p.  99;  1939),  which  I  described  as  a  sub- 
genus of  Planorbula,  cannot  be  subordinated  to  this  genus. 
Baker,  who  probably  knows  more  about  Planorbidae  than  anyone 
else,  refers  Obstructio  to  Tropicorbis  and  makes  it  a  plain 
synonym.  From  the  anatomical  details  given  by  hira,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  about  the  correctness  of  shifting  my  subgenus 
Obstructio  to  Tropicorbis.  But,  while  both  the  obstructed  and 
the  non-obstructed  species  of  this  last  named  genus  showed 
identical  features  of  their  sexual  organs,  proving  thus  their  close 
relationships,  they  obviously  differ  in  their  shell  characters,  i.e., 


32  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55    (1) 

by  lack  or  presence  of  internal  teeth  and  lamellae.  I,  therefore, 
wish  to  maintain  Ohstructio  as  a  subgenus  of  Tropicorhis,  which 
comprises  the  species  provided  with  an  internal  obstruction. — 
Fritz  Haas. 

A  Winter  Thaw  as  a  Factor  in  Reducing  a  Fresh-water 
MoLLusK  Population. — During  a  thaw  in  December,  1940,  a 
small  pool  in  Six  Mile  Creek,  Ithaca,  New  York,  was  examined. 
The  thick  ice  that  had  been  on  the  surface  of  the  pool  had  mostly 
melted,  leaving  but  a  thin  sheet  of  ice  over  the  pool.  The  water 
from  the  melted  ice  had  drained  away.  Ten  individuals  of  Physa 
gyrina  Say  which  had  been  frozen  in  the  ice  were  left  stranded, 
unable  to  return  to  the  water  because  of  the  thin  ice  cover  which 
still  remained  over  the  pool's  surface.  A  day  after  the  examina- 
tion of  the  pool  a  heavy  freeze  set  in.  At  the  end  of  7  days  the 
writer  returned  to  the  pool  and  observed  that  all  of  the  mollusks 
which  were  stranded  above  the  ice  had  been  killed. — William 
Marcus  Ingram,  Mills  College,  California. 

Errata:  In  an  article,  "Daylight  activity  of  Land  Mollusks," 
the  Nautilus,  vol.  54,  no.  3,  pp.  87-90,  two  errors  in  the  text  are 
here  corrected.  In  table  1  Zonitoidcs  arhrens  should  read 
Zonitoides  arhoreus.  On  page  89  the  word  in  of  the  following 
sentence  should  be  changed  to  on.  "The  recorded  data  only 
concern  snails  crawling  in  the  open  on  top  of  the  forest  floor 
humus  or  on  logs  .  .  ." — William  Marcus  Ingram. 

BuLiMULus  alternatus  mariae  (Albers)  in  Alabama. — While 
engaged  in  bringing  the  collection  of  North  American  Terrestrial 
Gastropoda  in  the  Carnegie  Museum  up  to  date  taxonomically 
a  few  years  ago,  I  came  across  a  Bi(}i)ni(lus  that  puzzled  me,  as 
nothing  like  it  had  been  recorded  from  Alabama.  Dr.  H.  A. 
Pilsbry  identified  it  as  Bidi'muliis  (iltrrnaftis  marine,  the  first 
time  that  this  shell  had  ever  been  found  in  tluit  state,  and  thereby 
constituting  a  new  record  for  Alabama.  The  Carnegie  Museum 
received  these  shells  in  the  great  collection  given  by  Dr.  G.  H. 
Clapp.  Dr.  Clapp  had  received  them  from  H.  H.  Smith,  who 
in  turn  had  gotten  them  from  Dr.  T.  S.  van  Allen.  The  shells 
had  been  collected  near  .Mobile,  Mobile  County. 


July,    1941]  THE   NAUTILUS  33 

There  is  the  possibility  that  these  shells  were  introduced  into 
the  area  of  Mobile  on  jilaiits,  as  the  animal  has  the  habit  of  seal- 
injj:  itself  to  cacti,  mescjuite,  coarse  grass  and  shrubs,  and  even 
on  fence  posts  and  telegraph  poles  in  southern  Texas  during  the 
warm  parts  of  the  day.  This  ease  was  cited  by  Junius  Henderson 
(Xait.,  vol.  49,  1936,  p.  105),  who  found  colonies  of  B.  a.  mariae 
estivating  near  Corpus  Christi,  Texas;  E.  D.  Crabb  (Proc.  Okla. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2.  1922,  pp.  10-11)  found  them  cemented  to  vege- 
tation near  Fort  "Worth,  and  so  numerous  that  their  nearly  white 
shells  suggested  that  the  prairie  weeds  were  blossoming  shells. 

H.  H.  Smith,  who  received  about  a  dozen  of  these  shells  from 
Dr.  Allen,  believed  that  they  were  brought  into  the  Mobile  area 
as  ballast  or  other  material  from  Texas. — Gordon  K.  Mac^Iillan. 

Tectarius  muricatus  (Linnaeus)  in  New  England. — Scien- 
tists are  cautious  about  any  record  that  is  based  on  a  single 
specimen,  especially  if  it  is  far  from  its  usual  latitude ;  but  it  is 
po.ssible  that  sometimes  such  mollusks  may  breed  and  become 
established  in  distant  places.  In  1876  Mr.  J.  Henry  Blake  found 
a  living  specimen  of  Tectarius  muricatus  (L.)  crawling  up  on  a 
wharf  pile  at  five  feet  from  the  ground,  in  Provincetown,  Mass. 
The  shell  was  presented  to  the  Museum  of  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History.  No  record  for  this  species  has  since  been  made 
north  of  Florida.  This  specimen  is  labelled  in  the  handwriting 
of  the  late  Charles  W.  Johnson,  who  did  not,  however,  include 
Mr.  Blake's  Provincetown  record  in  his  latest  "List  of  Marine 
Mollusca  of  the  Atlantic  from  Labrador  to  Texas, ' '  1934,  doubt- 
less feeling  that  the  mollusk  is  an  accidental,  for  ships  often  bring 
semi-tropical  animals,  attached  to  the  vessels  or  elsewhere.  Other 
species  have  reached  New  England  from  the  north  in  the  same 
manner. 

Mr.  J.  Henry  Blake,  who  is  well  known  as  a  scientific  artist 
and  associate  of  Louis  Agassiz  on  the  Ha-ssler,  in  1872,  and  later 
Curator  of  ^lolhisks  at  Harvard  University,  is  now  almost  96 
years  old.  and  not  only  very  active  mentally,  but  is  still  deeply 
interested  in  mollusks,  and  in  science  generally. — S.  N.  Sanford, 
April  20,  1941. 


34  THE   NAUTILUS  [VoL.    55    (1) 

PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED 
The  Cuban  operculate  Land  ]\Iollusks  of  the  Family  An- 

NULARIIDAE,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  THE  SUBFAMILY  ChONDROPOMINAE.       Bj' 

Carlos  de  la  Torre  and  Paul  Bartsch.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  89 : 
131-385  +  i  -  X ;  pis.  9-57  (No.  3096).  1941.  The  fijrures  in  this 
exquisite  monograph  are  superb,  even  if,  throu^^h  no  fault  of  the 
authors,  thej'  have  lost  some  of  the  details  of  the  exceptionally 
fine  original  photographs.  The  text  adds  excellent  and  clear 
descriptions  of  these;  at  least,  as  illustrated  by  the  type  speci- 
mens. The  keys  are  marvels  of  simplicity,  although  one  may 
wonder  if  the  shells  are  equally  so.  In  this  connection,  the 
authors  are  to  be  highly  commended  for  their  demulcent  reticence 
in  matters  of  sex ;  such  nasty  minutiae  might  mar  the  rhythmic 
charm  of  presentation.  Being  masculine,  they  mainly  ignore 
{e.g.,  p.  231,  key)  the  minuscule  stature  of  the  male  in  this  unfor- 
tunate group.  The  bibliographies  are  equally  succinct;  opinion 
31  of  the  International  Commission  and  Choanopoma  Pfeiffer  (p. 
281),  as  well  as  Licina  Gray  are  omitted;  and  one  hesitates  in 
mention  of  a  minor  error  in  genus  and  volume  quotation  (p. 
321,  third  entry).  [But,  numerous  similar  names  are  very  diffi- 
cult to  keep  straight;  I  get  so  lost  in  my  own  earlier  zonitid 
alliterations,  that  my  guilt  almost  subdues  me.]  Incidentally, 
sports  do  occur  and  Troschclv index  (p.  326)  may  be  sportive,  but 
they  usually  also  re-occur,  like  the  "breathing  devices"  and  the 
loss  of  growth  sculpture  (called  "lamellae")  or  calcareous  plate 
("lamella")  on  the  operculum.  All  in  all,  the  authors  have 
completely  finished  the  Cuban  members  of  this  family  and,  in  so 
doing:,  have  fallen  little  short  of  the  good  old-fashioned  standards, 
as  represented  in  the  classic  works  of  Reeve  and  Isaac  Lea.  Any 
future  studies  can  only  subtract  from  such  imposing  creations, 
which  include,  as  new,  5  genera,  23  subgenera,  101  species  and  120 
subspecies,  from  one  of  the  best-known  islands.  But,  when  all  is 
said  and  done,  the  book  ends  well  (ji.  ;583),  and  does  offer  an 
excellent  suggestion  to  younger  sludenls  of  tlie  perplexing  com- 
plex of  minor  divergences  wiiicli  constitute  a  tantalizing  and 
world-wide  family. — II.  B.  B. 


July.  1941]  TiiK  xAi'TiLus  35 

ZoNiTiD  Snails  from  Pacific  Islajstds.  By  II.  Burrinprton 
Bak.T.  Bovmre  P.  Bishop  :\ruseuin  Bull.  158  (lf):j8).  165 
(UMO).  anil  1G6  (li)41).  372  pa-^es,  05  plates.  The  Zonitidae 
and  Heliearionidae  are  anion*;  the  most  generally  distributed  and 
specifically  uunieroiis  families  in  the  Pacific  islands;  but  hitherto 
they  have  been  the  most  dititicult  snails  in  that  fauna  to  identify 
and  the  jrenerie  classification  has  been  little  better  than  chaotic. 
Much  of  this  confusion  has  been  owing  to  the  simplicity  and 
similarity  of  many  of  the  shells,  without  definite  generic  differ- 
ences, and  to  inadequate  descriptive  work ;  in  only  a  few,  such  as 
Trochomorpha,  were  the  shells  large  and  strongly  marked  enough 
to  be  readily  identified  by  existing  literature. 

The  classification  is  now  based  almost  wholly  on  the  soft 
anatomy;  and  as  Dr.  Baker's  is  the  most  extensive  single  work 
ever  published  on  zonitid  anatomy,  the  data  presented  modify 
our  ideas  of  the  taxonomy  and  descent  of  this  group  far  bej'ond 
the  limits  of  Polynesia. 

^lany  old  species,  even  as  far  back  as  Beck,  as  well  as  little- 
known  species  of  Gould,  Pfeiffer  and  others,  are  now  for  the  first 
time  worked  out.  In  all,  10  genera,  68  subgenera  and  named 
sections,  and  136  species,  more  than  half  of  the  total  number, 
are  defined  as  new.  The  assembling  of  the  great  collection  in 
the  Bishop  Museum  upon  which  the  work  is  primarily  based,  is 
almost  wholly  due  to  Dr.  C.  Montague  Cooke,  Jr. 

In  Part  4  the  distribution  is  considered.  "Because  they  prob- 
ably did  not  originate  as  far  back  in  geologic  time  as  did  the 
more  primitive  Orthurethra,  they  may  not  present  very  valid 
evidence  in  regard  to  the  former  land  connections  which  have 
been  inferred  for  this  area.  Nevertheless,  their  endemicity  is 
quite  high;  12  (35  per  cent)  of  the  32  genera  and  253  (95  per 
cent)  of  the  266  species  are  not  known  to  range  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  area  studied." 

The  genera  ranging  or  related  eastward  (America),  are  con- 
fined to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  with  the  single  exception  of  Enconn- 
lus  conoidcs  of  Tahiti.  No  less  than  14  species  of  American 
affinities  (plus  2  introduced)  occur.  "The  most  probable  method 
by  which  the  accidental  introduction  of  these  land  snails  might 
be  accomplished,  would  appear  to  be  their  rare  transport   by 


36  THE   NAUTILUS  [VoL.    55    (1) 

birds.  As  is  known,  certain  of  the  latter,  such  as  the  golden 
plover,  do  annually  migrate  through  Hawaii  to  islands  in  the 
south  central  Pacific  and  might  occasionally  transfer  eggs,  juve- 
niles, or  even  adults.  The  discovery  of  Euconulus  conoides  on 
Tahiti  gives  some  slight  additional  evidence  in  favor  of  a  north 
and  south  direction  of  carriage,  even  if  the  Tahitian  snail  does 
appear  to  be  more  or  less  intermediate  between  mainland  and 
Hawaiian  members  of  the  genus.  If  this  hypothesis  be  true,  the 
original  ancestors  of  these  interesting  additions  to  the  Pacific 
fauna  would  have  come  from  the  vicinity  of  Bering  Strait,  as 
agrees  with  their  evident  holarctic  and  nearctic  affinities." 

"The  Microcystinae  are  the  most  characteristic  subfamily  of 
zonitid  snails  on  Pacific  Islands,  and  may  have  originated  within 
this  area." 

Dr.  Baker  concludes  that : 

"1.  The  Zonitidae  and  Helicarionidae  are  the  most  highly 
evolved  pulmonate  mollusks  that  have  endemic  members  in  most 
parts  of  the  Pacific  area  and  their  immigrations  have  probably 
been  relatively  recent. 

"2.  AVith  the  exceptions  of  the  oviparous  Sesarinae  and  Tro- 
chomorphinae,  they  are  all  small  species,  or,  like  Microcystis  and 
Mendana,  may  well  have  been  derived  from  minute  ancestors 
and  developed  size  within  their  present  ranges. 

"3.  Perhaps  for  these  reasons,  their  distribution  does  not  seem 
to  oifer  very  definite  evidence  for  (or  against)  a  former  Pacific 
continent  or  extensive  land-connections  in  the  area,  but  does  seem 
to  be  mainly  explicable  on  the  hypothesis  of  adventitious  dis- 
semination." 

It  is  a  long  step  forward  in  Pacific  zoology  to  have  this  dark 
place  in  Polynesian  malacology  illumined  by  Dr.  Baker's  out- 
standing treatise. — H.  A.  P. 


THE  NAUTILUS:  55   (2) 


PLATE  3 


ra t ».s  HI ildrcdac.     \H,  Mil ro  floridti . 


The  Nautilus 


Vol.  55  October,  1941  No.  2 

A  GENUS  AND  FAMILY  OF  MARINE  MOLLUSKS 
NEW  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES 

By  JEANNE  S.  SCHWENGEL 

Specimens  of  a  Teetibranch  taken  in  dredging  in  about  6  fath- 
oms in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  off  Sanibel  Island,  Florida,  represent 
a  species  of  the  genus  Lohigcr,  a  genus  not  yet  reported  from  the 
United  States.  This  mollusk  was  taken  from  a  mass  of  bright 
green  seaweed  to  which  it  was  perfectly  assimilated  in  color  and 
the  irregular  form.^ 

The  animal  (Plate  3,  figs.  1-3)  is  elongate,  not  capable  of  being 
wholly  contained  in  the  shell ;  tentacles  folded ;  eyes  sessile ;  foot 
very  long ;  epipodial  ridges  well  developed,  and  giving  rise  to  two 
wing-like  lobes  on  each  side  as  described  below.  As  several 
authors  describing  Mediterranean  and  Pacific  species  of  Lobiger 
have  noticed,  these  lobes  can  be  cast  off  by  the  animal  when  irri- 
tated. My  specimens  were  not  noticed  until  they  had  been  some 
time  on  the  board  upon  which  the  dredge  was  emptied,  and  the 
mass  of  weed,  mud,  shells,  sea  urchins  and  bottom  debris  had  been 
picked  over.  By  this  time  their  lobes  had  evidently  been  lost,  as 
no  traces  were  noticeable  (fig.  3).  But  in  the  time  I  kept  them 
in  my  aquarium,  short  lobes  had  already  grown  out  (fig,  2). 
They  were  not  seen  to  use  them  as  swimming  organs. 

The  color  of  this  mollusk  is  bright  lettuce-green,  which  appears 
deeper  in  tint  when  placed  upon  green  seaweed.  The  body  sur- 
face is  velvety,  delicately  reticulated  and  peppered  with  fine  lines 
and  dots  of  reddish-purple  showing  through  the  shell.     The  dor- 


1  Dr.  Ruth  Patrick  kindly  had  this  seaweed  examined  by  the  authority  on 
algae,  Professor  W.  R.  Taylor,  who  pronounced  it  to  be  the  species  Caulcrpa 
crassi folia  (C.  Ag.)  J.  Ag. 


38  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

sal  surface  of  the  foot  bears  a  granulation  of  minute,  pale,  slightly 
elevated  papillae.  The  posterior  dorsal  part  of  foot  and  body 
bear  two  lateral  rows  of  pale  brownish  papillae,  some  large  and 
pointed,  others  smaller,  rounded  and  less  elevated ;  the  interven- 
ing body  surface  is  slightly  granular. 

The  tentacles  are  four  in  number;  an  upper  or  superior  pair 
of  folded  rhinophores,  and  a  smaller  lower  pair,  or  labial  proc- 
esses, less  than  half  as  long,  very  contractile.  The  eyes  are  ses- 
sile, black,  small,  posterior  to  the  base  of  the  superior  tentacles, 
at  the  junction  of  the  anterior  and  middle  thirds  of  a  thin  black 
line.  The  anterior  third  of  this  line  is  on  a  slightly  higher  plane 
than  its  extension  posterior  to  the  eyes. 

There  are  four  lateral  parapodial  lobes,  as  already  mentioned, 
two  on  either  side.  They  may  be  reflected  over  the  sides  of  the 
shell  or  extended  in  lateral  position,  either  synchronously  or  inde- 
pendently. These  parapodial  lobes  as  newly  growing  in  my 
specimen  are  small,  rather  deeply  concave  with  elevated  and 
reflected  borders  on  dorsal  side,  smooth  and  gray-green  within  the 
upper  concavity,  granulose  on  exterior  surface. 

The  foot  is  long,  pointed  or  bluntly  rounded  according  to  the 
mollusk's  activity.  The  plantar  surface  is  smooth.  The  foot  can 
be  attenuated  and  lengthened,  made  short  and  broad,  or  infolded 
laterally  to  grasp  a  stem  or  blade  of  seaweed.  The  animal  can 
elevate  itself  upon  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  foot  to  an  almost 
vertical  position  and  when  in  this  attitude  the  head  and  anterior 
part  of  the  body  are  moved  rhythmically  from  side  to  side  and  in 
half  circles  through  a  fairly  wide  arc,  as  though  the  creature  was 
searching  for  a  stem  of  weed  or  grass. 

The  animal  can  also  creep  in  a  reversed  position  upon  the  under 
side  of  the  surface  film.  It  descends  from  this  situation  by 
strongly  arching  the  body,  releasing  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
foot,  swinging  free  from  the  j>osteri()r  tip  of  tlie  foot  and  finally 
breaking  away  from  its  hold  on  the  surface  film  by  a  strong  con- 
traction of  the  foot. 

When  distiirbod,  the  creature  may  arch  itself  strongly  upward, 
supported  firmly  upon  the  extreme  anterior  and  posterior  ends 
of  the  body,  and  annoyance  is  often  manifested  by  the  secretion 
of  great  amounts  of  clear,  colorless  iinicus.     From  this  arched 


October.  1941]  the  naittilus  39 

attitude  the  creature  can  assume  an  erect  posture  based  either 
upon  the  anterior  or  the  posterior  extremity.  My  observations 
were  made  on  two  animals  kept  in  a  small  aquarium  where  one 
of  them  lived  about  five  weeks,  February  20,  1941,  to  March  26. 

The  shell  (fif?.  4)  is  oval,  involute,  very  thin  and  nearly  trans- 
l>arent.  The  surface  is  closely  and  finely  striate  alon^  lines  of 
{growth.  Aperture  greatly  expanded.  The  columellar  margin  is 
reflected.  My  largest  specimen  is  12.5  mm.  long,  8.5  mm.  wide, 
with  convexit}'  of  5.5  mm.  It  is  wholly  external,  the  mantle  only 
very  narrowly  covering  the  edges. 

There  is  some  difficulty  about  the  specific  name  of  this  snail,  as 
all  of  the  described  species  have  much  in  common.  Descriptions 
of  the  six  supposed  species  of  Lobiger  can  be  found  in  the  Manual 
of  Conchology,  vol.  16. 

The  Mediterranean  Lohiger  was  described  in  1840  under  the 
specific  name  serradifalci  Calcara.  In  1856  Fischer  described  a 
species  from  Guadaloupe.  L.  souverhii.  This  differs  from  the 
Mediterranean  form  by  having  only  two  epipodial  lobes  instead 
of  four,  one  anterior,  the  other  posterior;  but  as  Lohiger  has  the 
faculty  of  self-amputating  these  appendages,  it  is  quite  likely,  as 
Sir  Charles  Eliot  has  remarked,  that  L.  souverhii  was  founded  on 
a  mutilated  specimen.  I  cannot  find  that  anything  has  been  pub- 
lished about  the  markings  of  the  mantle,  under  the  shell,  in  the 
two  above-mentioned  species,  and  the  published  figures  do  not 
show  any  markings,  but  my  Sanibel  species  shows  very  distinct 
reddish-purple  lines  on  the  mantle  under  the  shell,  as  in  fig.  5, 
a  camera-lueida  tracing  of  the  mantle  after  death ;  these  lines 
showing  through  the  shell  in  the  living  animal,  as  described  above. 
In  the  Mediterranean  species  the  epipodial  lobes  or  wings  are 
oblong.  In  the  Pacific  Lohiger  viridis  Pease,  and  the  Indian 
Ocean  L.  nevilli  Pils.  (as  figured  by  Eliot  from  a  drawing  by  Mr. 
Crossland)^  the  lobes  are  long  and  narrow,  with  deeply  scalloped 
margins.  In  our  Sanibel  species  we  cannot  tell  which  form  would 
be  assumed,  as  they  had  been  cast  off  when  it  was  found,  and  were 
apparently  scarcely  half  grown  in  the  specimen  as  drawn  in  fig.  2. 
This  is  an  important  point  to  be  noticed  when  others  are  found. 

2  See  Sir  Charles  Eliot,  Journ.  of  Conch.  11:  307,  for  figures  and  descrip- 
tion of  L.  nevilli. 


40  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

In  L.  souverhii  the  lobes  are  shortly  oval  with  regular  outlines. 
In  L.  serradifalci  anterior  tentacles  must  be  quite  short,  as  they 
were  not  noticed.  In  L.  viridis  they  are  long.  In  our  species 
they  are  quite  noticeable  in  life,  but  not  half  as  long  as  the 
rhinophores. 

In  L.  nevilli  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  there  are  "thin  dark  green 
lines,  expanding  here  and  there  into  blue  blotches"  visible 
through  the  shell.  This  species  appears  to  differ  from  L.  serradi- 
falci in  the  shape  of  the  wings,  which  are  long,  narrow,  witli 
indented  margins.     There  are  also  differences  in  coloration. 

The  shells  of  all  of  the  genus  appear  to  be  practically  alike. 

On  the  whole,  it  appears  best  to  recognize  the  Sanibel  form  as 
distinct.     It  may  be  called 

LoBiQER  PELSBRYi  new  species ; 
mainly  separated  on  account  of  the  lines  on  the  mantle  (figs.  2,  5), 
which  do  not  seem  to  exist  in  the  Mediterranean  Lobiger,  or  at 
least,  they  are  not  mentioned  in  the  descriptions  or  shown  in  the 
figures  of  that  species  or  L.  souverhii. 

Plate  3,  figs.  1,  2,  are  sketches  of  the  living  animal  in  oblique 
and  dorsal  views,  the  epipodial  lobes  partially  grown  out.  Fig.  3 
is  a  view  from  below  as  the  animal  appeared  when  first  taken; 
length  about  28  mm.  Fig.  5  is  a  camera  lucida  drawing  of  the 
mantle  of  largest  specimen,  the  shell  removed,  showing  pattern 
of  lines.  In  the  other  specimen  there  are  more  numerous  similar 
lines  (by  error,  this  figure  was  reversed  on  the  plate,  the  anterior 
end  being  placed  below). 

The  type  figured  has  been  placed  in  the  collection  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences,  No.  178025,  the  smaller  specimen  in  my 
own  collection. 


NOTES  ON  THE  GENUS  LAGOCHILUS  BLANFORD, 

WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  ITS 

CHINESE  SPECIES 

By  TENG-CHIEN  YENi 

Lagochilus  was  a  ni;uius('ri])t  name  of  Theobold,  published  as  a 
subgenus  of  Cycloplwrus  Montlort  by  Blanford  in  1864  (Ann. 

1  Work  was  done  with  a  grant-in-aid  from  the  Johnson  Fund  of  the  Ameri- 
can Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


October.  1941]  the  nautilus  41 

Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  Loiul.,  Ill  (13),  p.  452).  having'  desipnated  C. 
scissimargo  Benson  as  its  type-species  and  included  C.  iomotrcma 
Benson  as  another  known  species  of  this  sub}renus.  C.  scissi- 
margo was  described  by  Benson  in  1856  from  Tenasserim  of 
Burma,  and  later  on,  it  was  fi{xured  by  Pfeiffer  in  1860  (Novit. 
Couch..  II,  p.  144,  pi.  37,  fi{,'s.  19-21)  and  Reeve  in  1861  (Conch. 
Icon.,  XIII.  sp.  105).  Subsequently,  it  has  been  repeatedly 
recorded  from  Burma  and  its  neighboring  regions  like  Cambodia 
and  Tonkin. 

Since  then,  Lagochilus  has  been  generally  recognized  as  a  dis- 
tinct group  of  Cyclophorus  by  authors  of  Pfeifferian  times,  and 
occasionally  adopted  as  a  genus,  by  Stoliczka  as  well  as  Crosse. 
In  1885,  Paul  Fischer,  in  his  Manuel  de  Conchyliologie,  treated 
it  as  a  distinct  genus  of  Cyclophoridae.  In  the  same  year  Moel- 
lendortf  (Jour.  As.  Soc.  Bengal,  54  (II),  p.  67),  linked  its  rela- 
tionship with  Japonia  Gould,  based  on  some  specimens  from  F. 
W.  Eastlake  which  he  identified  as  Japonia  barhata  Gould,  and 
considered  it  to  be  congeneric  with  species  of  Lagochilus,  particu- 
larly with  those  being  described  from  China.  But  he  suggested 
that,  if  necessary,  Japonia  should  be  retained  as  a  minor  group 
of  Lagochilus,  despite  the  priority  of  the  former.  His  view  w'as 
partly  based  on  the  circumstance  that  Japonia  was  not  sufficiently 
known  by  its  original  description,  and  partly  because  Lagochilus 
had  been  so  well  established.  In  other  words,  his  conclusion  was 
without  sufficient  morphological  background ;  and  yet  in  his  work 
in  1897  (Nachbl.  d.  m.  Ges.,  29,  p.  82),  which  was  in  collaboration 
with  Kobelt,  this  suggestion  was  adopted  by  them. 

Now  then  the  confusion  begins.  Kobelt  in  1902  (Das  Tierreich, 
16  Lief.,  Cyclophoridae)  accordingly  transferred  a  great  number 
of  species,  hitherto  considered  as  Lagochilus,  into  Japonia,  and 
reversed  Moellendorff's  procedure  by  placing  Lagochilus  as  a 
subgenus  of  Japonia  on  account  of  its  priority.  His  treatment 
was  followed  by  Gude  1921  (Fauna  of  British  India,  Mollusca,  3, 
Land  Opercnlates)  and  Thiele  in  1929  (Handbuch  der  .systema- 
tischen  AVcichtierkunde).  But  Kobelt  himself  seems  to  have 
never  investigated  the  status  of  Japonia  and  what  its  3  original 
species  really  are. 

Japonia  was  proposed  as  a  group  of  Cyclostoma  by  Gould  in 


42  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

1859  (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  6,  p.  425)  included  his  three 
new  species,  two  of  them  described  from  Oushima,  an  island  of 
Japan,  and  one  without  an  exact  locality,  however,  it  is  said  also 
probably  from  Japan.  These  species  are  so  in  this  order :  Cyclo- 
stoma  barhata,  Cyclostoma  citharella  and  C.  musiva.  Except 
that  in  1885  there  was  a  questionable  record  of  C.  harhata  by 
Moellendorff  (I.e.),  none  of  these  species  has  been  elsewhere 
recorded.  In  Pf  eifferian  times,  this  group  was  generally  treated 
as  a  section  or  subgenus  of  Realia  Gray.  No  type-species  was 
originally  designated  by  Gould,  and  not  until  1878,  Kobelt  (111. 
Conch.,  p.  200)  made  C  harhata  its  genotype.  The  valid  name 
of  C.  harhata,  in  fact,  should  be  Japonia  gouldi  Kobelt  1902  {J-C, 
p.  60)  because  C.  harhatum  was  preoccupied  by  Pfeiffer  in  1855 
for  a  Bornean  species. 

In  examining  the  Gould's  type-specimens  described  from  the 
North  Pacific  Exploring  Expedition,  I  have  searched  the  material 
still  available  in  New  York  State  Museum  in  Albany  and  l"^.  S. 
National  Museum  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  I  have  found  2 
examples  representing  C.  musiva  in  Gould's  collection  now  in 
possession  of  New  York  State  Museum.  Very  luifortunately  no 
specimens  have  been  found  for  C.  harhata  (that  is  J.  gouldi 
Kobelt),  and  C.  citharella.  I  think  tliat  they  must  be  considered 
as  lost. 

So  far  as  these  2  specimens  of  C.  musiva  are  concerned,  repre- 
senting one  of  the  3  original  species  of  Japonia,  they  seem  to  be 
different  from  the  typical  forms  of  Lagochilus.  They  are  illus- 
trated in  Plate  3,  figures  8,  8a.  For  comparison  I  figure  Lago- 
chilus scxfilaris  (Heude),  Plate  3,  figure  9.  The  figures  are 
about  3  times  actual  size.  How  far  Gould's  other  2  species  agree 
with  Lagochilus,  remains  questionable,  since  their  typo-specimens 
are  no  longer  accessible  and  they  are  not  sufficiently  known  by 
Gould's  original  descriptions  without  figures.  But.  nevertheless, 
judging  l)y  the  size,  they  are  small,  about  J  of  an  inch  or  a  little 
more  than  3.0  iiiiii.  in  diaiiieter.  No  species  of  Lagochilus  has 
been  so  far  reported  as  a|)i)r()a('liiiig  that  dimension.  l'>ven  the  2 
Chinese  species  L.  irichophorus  Moellendorff  and  L.  scxfilaris 
Heude,  as  mentioned  by  MoellcMidorff  {I.e.,  p.  (iS),  to  be  the  close 
foiMus  to  .l.iponia,  are  almost   twice  the  size  of  one-eighth  of  an 


October.  1041]  the  nautilus  43 

inch.  Moreover,  Kobelt's  designation  in  1878  of  C.  barbata  as 
the  type  of  Japonia,  which  was  tlien  considered  by  him  as  a  sub- 
genus of  licalia,  does  not  add  any  more  detail  to  the  orijrinal 
description  of  that  species  and  genus.  So  that  by  insuflBcient 
knowledjre  of  the  species,  as  already  pointed  out  by  Moellendorff, 
and  lack  of  original  material  to  prove  their  definite  identification, 
Japonia  remains  a  doubtful  group.  There  is  no  reason  to  include 
the  definitely  known  species  of  Lagochilus  in  such  an  indefinite 
group  as  Japonia. 

On  tiie  other  hand,  the  available  material  of  C.  musiva  does  not 
show  its  congeneric  features  with  L.  scissimargo,  while  such 
Chinese  species  as  Lagochilus  glahratus  Moellendorff,  L.  clath- 
ratus  (Heude),  L.  hungcrfordianus  (Moellendorff),  L.  longipilus 
(Moellendorff),  L.  pellicostus  (Moellendorff),  L.  pilosus  Moellen- 
dorff, L.  sexfiluris  (Heude),  L.  tenuipilns  Gredler,  L.  trichophorns 
Moellendorff,  etc.,  do  show  close  resemblance  to  the  genotype. 
In  changing  these  species,  and  others  as  well,  from  Lagochilus  to 
Japonia,  Kobelt  did  not  restudy  the  authentic  material  of  Japonia 
to  fix  its  exact  position  before  he  drastically  included  from  dif- 
ferent groups  more  than  one  hundred  species  and  varieties  under 
the  general  heading  of  Japonia,  and  no  fewer  than  20  species, 
mostly  from  Lagochilus,  in  its  restricted  sense.  It  is  evident  that 
such  changes  were  merely  because  of  observing  the  law  of  priority 
that  Japonia  precedes  Lagochilus,  but  not  on  comparison  of  the 
morphological  features  of  authentic  material  of  both  groups,  from 
which  their  systematic  positions  can  be  better  ascertained. 


NOTES  ON  FLORIDA  MOLLUSCA,  WITH  DESCRIP- 
TIONS OF  TWO  NEW  VARIETIES 

By  ted  BAYER 

During  the  past  few  years  several  new  records  for  the  United 
States,  as  well  as  tw^o  new  varieties  of  marine  mollusks,  have  been 
brought  to  my  attention,  and  I  take  this  opportunity  to  present 
them  to  students  and  collectors  at  large. 

CoNUs  ECHiNULATUs  Kicner.  Some  time  ago  a  peculiar  Conus 
turned  up  from  Hillsborough  Inlet,  which  could  not  be  a.ssigned 
to  any  familiar  local  species.     Finally  some  .specimens  were  sent 


44  THE  NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

to  Mr,  Hugh  Fulton  of  London,  and  he  kindly  identified  them  for 
me.  His  letter  of  August  28,  1940,  reads,  in  part:  "The  box 
with  the  little  cones  arrived  today.  They  are  Conns  echinulatus 
Kiener,  which  Tryon  put  as  a  variety  of  verrucosus  Hwass.  Its 
granulation  separates  it  from  verrucosus  but  there  are  possibly 
intermediates  that  link  them  together."  "We  have  not  seen  such 
intermediates;  on  the  contrary,  the  shells  on  hand  are  very  con- 
stant in  character  of  sculpture.  There  is  wide  variation  in  color, 
however.  The  shells  range  from  straw  color  and  b^o^^^l  to  rosy 
and  lavender,  with  darker  mottling.  The  animal  is  white  or 
cream  colored. 

Pyrene  mercatoria  Linnaeus.  During  the  first  few  days  of 
January,  and  again  in  August,  1941,  the  author  collected  speci- 
mens of  Pyrene  mercatoria  on  Garden  Key,  Dry  Tortugas,  that 
far  surpass  any  other  Florida  specimens  in  size.  These  verj- 
large  shells  w^ere  found  in  the  same  areas  that  were  frequented  by 
typical  mercatoria.  The  largest  typical  mercatoria  collected  was 
15  mm.  in  length,  and  the  largest  of  the  large  form  was  21  mm. 
The  large  form  is  rather  consistent  in  size,  averaging  19.3  mm., 
while  typical  mercatoria  range  between  11  mm.  and  15  mm.,  with 
an  average  of  13.6  mm.  In  addition  to  larger  size,  this  shell  has 
finer  spiral  sculpture,  bearing  from  19  to  22  spiral  costae,  against 
10  to  12  for  t3'pical  mercatoria.  In  color  the  large  form  runs 
from  yellow  and  brown  mottled  to  almost  solid  black,  with  only  a 
few  streaks  of  pure  white.  The  typical  mercatoria  ranges  be- 
tween brown  mottled  and  pure  white.  Opinion  is  withheld  until 
further  studies  and  observations  are  made  on  both  shells. 

Cypraea  exanthema  Linn,  and  C.  exanthema  cervus  Lin- 
naeus. While  collecting  at  the  Tortugas  in  January  and  again 
in  August,  some  remarkable  specimens  of  these  two  shells  were 
found.  All  were  very  much  smaller  than  normal,  though  other- 
wise quite  mature.  The  largest  C.  exanthema  was  50  mm.  long, 
and  tlu'  smallest  only  39.  The  largest  C.  exanthema  cervus  was 
62  mm.  and  the  smallest  only  50.  These  specimens  came  from 
Garden  Key,  where  Dr.  B.  R.  Bales  also  reported  finding  Ihem 
in  the  early  spring.  In  all,  six  specimens  were  collected,  tliree 
of  the  exanthema  and  three  of  the  variety.  The  reason  (or 
reasons)   for  tliis  dwarfing  of  Cypraea  is  not  apparent.     Other 


Oi'tober.  1941]  Tin:  naitiu's  45 

species  of  marine  life  tend  to  jjrrow  larjrer  than  normal  in  this 
rojrion  of  pure  water  and  abundant  food. 

MiTKA  FLORIDA  (Jould.  Plate  ;i,  fi}i:ure  18.  Durinjr  the  past 
half  year,  two  good  specimens  of  this  fine  Florida  shell  have  come 
to  li«rht,  one  from  the  Dry  Tortupras,  the  other  from  the  lower 
Florida  Keys.  The  specimen  of  this  species  from  the  Dry  Tor- 
tupras  was  collected  by  the  author  on  Logprerhead  Key,  January 
.'i  1941.  The  other  specimen  was  obtained  by  A.  II.  Patterson, 
with  exact  locality  not  given.  The  latter  example  was  found  still 
containing  the  animal,  and  is  no  doubt  the  best  and  largest  speci- 
men as  yet  brought  to  our  attention.  Although  this  species  has 
been  known  for  many  years,  it  remains  missing  from  most  Florida 
check-lists,  and  should  certainly  be  added. 

Xatica  sulcata  Born.  During  March  of  1939,  two  living 
examples  of  this  shell  were  found  on  the  sand-bar  at  Peanut 
Island  in  the  Palm  Beach  Inlet,  by  the  present  author.  In  the 
fall  of  the  same  year  another  living  example  was  found  at  ap- 
proximately the  same  place,  but  in  a  grassy  station.  Early  in 
the  following  year  a  living  specimen  was  dredged  west  of  Peanut 
Island  in  the  Intracoastal  Waterway  channel  by  Captain  and 
Mrs.  E.  S.  Vail.  Then,  during  the  subsequent  summer,  speci- 
mens were  collected  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donovan,  as  reported  in  the 
Nautilus  54 :  2,  page  71. 

Cyphoma  mcgintyi  robustior  nov.  var.    Plate  3,  figures  10-15. 

During  1939  some  very  peculiar  specimens  of  Cyphoma  were 
obtained,  which  were  collected  by  Greek  sponge  divers  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  probably  in  Apalachee  Bay. 
The  affinity  of  this  mollusk  definitely  lies  with  C.  mcrjintyi  Pils- 
bry  (Nautilus,  53:  1,  page  2)  as  the  animal  remaining  in  one 
specimen  clearly  indicates.  The  mantle  pattern  consists  of  solid 
brown  spots  on  a  white  background. 

Shell  similar  to  C.  mcgintyi;  broad,  thick  and  heavy.  The 
transverse  dorsal  ridge  is  high  and  very  prominent;  the  callus  is 
thick  and  very  strong  on  the  right,  sharply  defined  ;  callus  more 
diffused  on  the  left,  though  moderately  thick;  callus  at  the  apex 
of  the  spire  elevated  dorsally  into  a  little  knob.  Color,  white, 
with  a  diffuse  light  fawn  or  lavendar  tint  on  the  back;  callus  and 
dorsal  ridge  snow  white.  Length  of  holotype  39  mm.,  width 
19.5  mm. 


46  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

Holotype  as  yet  in  the  author's  collection,  cat.  3003,  paratypes 
in  the  author's  collection,  and  the  collection  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J. 
W.  Donovan. 

Pecten  (Chlamys)  imbricatus  mildredae,  nov.  var.  PI.  3,  figs. 
16,  17. 

Left  valve  raj^ed  with  eight  rather  prominent  ribs  and  from  1 
to  3  interstitial  smaller  ribs  between  each  major  rib.  Large  and 
small  costae  armed  with  elevated  scales  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals. Lower  valve  raj'ed  with  rather  prominent  scaly  ribs  in 
groups  which  correspond  to  the  major  ribs  on  the  upper  valve. 
Auricles  unequal,  with  seven  teeth  in  the  byssal  aperture.  Color, 
ranging  from  a  brilliant  red  flecked  with  white,  through  bro^\^l- 
ish-purple  mottled  with  paler  tan,  to  pure  white.  Holot^i^e  pale 
brown,  purple  tinted  at  the  margin,  with  spots  of  darker  broAvn 
between  the  major  costae.  Lower  valve  pale  tan  or  fawn,  vrith 
faint  suggestion  of  spotting.  Interior  yellow  with  clear  purple 
at  the  margins  and  at  the  hinge.     Alt.  37.5  mm. ;  lat.  32  mm. 

Several  factors  link  this  shell  with  inibricatus :  one  is  the  similar 
scheme  of  ribbing;  the  enlarged,  sometimes  cupped  scales;  the 
yellow  and  purple  interior;  and  the  large  size  of  individuals. 
Unfortunately,  the  type  material  selected  by  Frampton  is  not 
available.  The  shell  ranges  from  Biscayne  Bay  to  the  Tortugas 
and  the  Bahamas.  Holotype  cat.  02948  in  the  author's  cabinet; 
paratypes  in  collection  of  W.  A.  Royce.  Named  in  honor  of  Mrs. 
W.  A.  Royce,  who  first  collected  it. 


NOTES  ON  EPITONIUM   (NITIDOSCALA)   TINCTUM 
(CARPENTER) 

By  a.  M.  strong 

In  a  paper.  Notes  on  Some  Species  of  Epitonium  (Trans.  San 
Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  No.  7,  1930),  I  have  shown  that 
Scalaria  tincta  Carpenter,  described  from  Cedros  Island  (Cerros 
Island,  Lower  California)  and  San  Pedro,  Scdhiria  suheoroiuita 
Carpenter,  described  from  ]\Ionterey,  and  "Scala  hiiidsii  Car- 
penter" Arnold,  described  from  the  Pleistocene  of  San  Pedro, 
are  all  three  based  on  specimens  representing  a  single  species. 
Since  writing  this  paper  many  additional  specimens  have  come 
to  hand.  Among  these  it  is  found  that  there  is  a  notable  differ- 
ence in  the  shells  from  north  and  south  of  Point  Conception, 
California. 


October.  1941]  the  nautilus  47 

The  shell  described  and  lijnired  as  Epitunium  (Nitidoscala) 
tinctum  (Carpenter)  in  the  above  mentioned  paper,  from  Point 
Vincent,  near  San  Pedro,  may  be  taken  as  the  typical  form.  It 
has  8  post-nuclear  whorls  and  measures  12  mm.  in  length.  An 
average  shell  from  Monterey  with  8  post-nuclear  whorls  will 
measure  14  mm.  or  more  in  length;  also  the  northern  shell  ap- 
pears to  be  heavier  and  somewhat  broader.  If  it  is  desirable  to 
recognize  these  differences  the  name  suhcoronatum  Carpenter  can 
be  used  in  a  subspecific  sense  for  the  more  northern  form. 

These  shells  live  in  close  association  with  sea  anemones  in  sand 
pockets  and  sand-filled  crevices  in  the  rocks  on  the  outer  coast, 
wiiere  they  are  exposed  to  the  wash  of  the  surf.  Recently  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Bormann  of  Long  Beach,  California,  collected  a  large 
number  of  specimens  of  apparently  a  distinct  variety,  associated 
with  sea  anemones  in  the  quiet  waters  of  Mission  Bay,  near  San 
Diego.  They  are  smaller  than  the  typical  form,  with  the  varices 
almost  entirely  lacking  the  coronation  below  the  sutures  and 
averaging  about  two  more  to  the  whorl.  The  brown  line  below 
the  suture  is  faint  but  visible  in  most  of  the  living  specimens. 
These  may  take  the  name  of  Epitonium  (NixrooscALA)  tinctum, 
var.  BORMANNi.  The  type  has  been  deposited  as  No.  1064  in  the 
type  collection  of  the  Los  Angeles  County  Museum.  It  has  a 
little  more  than  7  post-nuclear  whorls  and  13  varices.  The 
measurements  are  :  length,  7.2  mm. ;  diameter,  4.0  mm. 

Dall  (Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  112,  1921)  gives  the  range  of 
E.  iincta  as  Monterey  to  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  of  E.  suh- 
coronata  as  Vancouver  Island  to  San  Diego.  Due  to  the  con- 
fusion in  the  use  of  names  and  the  uncertainty  of  the  older  identi- 
fications, little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  these  ranges.  I  have 
seen  no  specimens  from  north  of  Monterey  or  south  of  San  Martin 
Island,  Lower  California.  These  points  can  hardly  be  taken  as 
the  limits  of  range  for  the  species,  but  it  is  very  doubtful  if  the 
species  occurs  in  the  vicinity  of  Vancouver  Island  or  in  the  Gulf 
of  California.  A  considerable  number  of  specimens  from  Van- 
couver Island  were  all  found  to  be  referable  to  E.  imlianorum 
Carpenter.  In  the  large  collection  of  the  California  Academy  of 
Sciences  from  many  points  in  the  Gulf  of  California  no  specimens 
were  found  closely  resembling  E.  tinctum  Carpenter. 


48  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

A  SURVEY  OF  THE  WEST  AMERICAN  ALIGENAS 
WITH  A  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  SPECIES 

By  TOM  BURCH 
The  University  of  Southern  California 

This  is  a  report  on  a  group  of  small  pelecypods  of  the  genus 
Aligena  Lea,  with  a  review  of  the  species  from  the  eastern  Pacific, 
including  the  description  of  one  new  to  science.  I  am  indebted 
to  Dr.  Myra  Keen  of  Stanford  University  for  her  invaluable 
assistance  in  comparing  types  and  verifying  references,  to  Mr.  A. 
Petersen  of  the  Allan  Hancock  Foundation,  The  University  of 
Southern  California,  for  the  drawings  of  the  new  species,  to  Dr. 
Paul  Bartsch  and  Dr.  H.  A.  Rehder  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum  for  the  other  figures  used,  and  to  Dr.  Olga  Hartman  of 
the  Allan  Hancock  Foundation. 

Genus  ALIGEN         .  C.  Lea,  1843 
Lea,  H.  C,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  3,  p.  163,  1843    (Sept.)  ;   Trans. 
Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  Ser.  2,  vol.  9,  p.  238,  1845. 

Dall,  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  pt.  5,  p.  1175,  1900. 

Genotype:  Aligena  striata  H.  C.  Lea,  1845  (by  subsequent 
designation,  Dall,  1900)   {=  A.  aequata  (Conrad),  1843). 

Aligena  aequata  (Conrad),  1843 

Amphidesma  aequata  Conrad,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  307,  1843 

(Oct.). 
Aligena  aequata   (Conrad),  Dall,  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.   Sci.,  vol.   3, 

pt.  3,  p.  919,  pi.  24,  fig.  8,  1895;  ibid.,  vol.  3,  pt.  5,  p.  1175,  1900. 

This  genus  was  originally  (1843)  described  as  follows:  "Testa 
aequivalvi,  subaequilaterali,  postice  et  antice  clausa;  cardine 
dente  cardinale  uno,  sulco  sub  natibus  longo,  minime  prof  undo. " 
Two  names,  A.  striata  and  A.  lacvis,  were  assigned  to  it,  unaccom- 
panied by  figures  or  descriptions,  but  followed  (1845)  with  char- 
acterization. Dall  (11)00,  p.  1175)  designated  A.  striata  as  type 
of  the  genus  and  placed  it  in  synonomy  with  Amphidesma  aequata 
Conrad  (1843). 

At  the  same  time  Dall  recharacterized  the  genus  as  having  "a 
rounded  triangular  inflated  shell  with  only  a  single  small  anterior 
tootli  under  the  beaks,  sei)aratod  by  a  gap  from  the  surface  of 
attachment,  under  the  posterior  dorsal  margins,  of  an  elongate 


TIN-:  \Ai  Tii.rs:  :,:,  cj; 


I'LATIO  4 


Fiy.  1.  Jl,!/,,„i  ,;rrilrn.si.s  Aii.olfl.  typr:  J.  h\um'  of  ii^r|,t  v:ilvi'.  li,  A. 
»>icea  Dall,  type;  4.  Iiingi-  .,f  left  v.-ilvc  .-,,  J.  ,vr/,>«//or«.v,.v.  tyiu',  U-ft  valvi'; 
<i,  njjlit  v.ilvc;  7.  ;i-c.  rini>;c  of  liinm.  v;ii  i.itioii. 


October,  1941 J  the  nautilus  49 

internal  resilium  carrying  a  lithodesma.  The  pallial  line  is  sim- 
ple, and  the  cardinal  of  the  left  valve  is  more  feeble  than  the 
other." 

Aligina  is  known  from  the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  Americas 
throu^'h  three  species — (1)  A.  cokeri  Dall,  (2)  A.  cerritensis 
Arnold,  and  (3)  A.  nucea  Dall.  A  fourth,  A.  redundoensis,  is 
now  added.  These  species  are  believed  to  be  separable  as  indi- 
cated in  the  following  key : 

Shell  with  a  median  radial  constriction A.  cokeri. 

Shell  without  a  median  radial  constriction. 

Anterior  part  of  shell  sloping  abruptly  down A.  cerritensis. 

Anterior  part  of  shell  not  sloping  abruptly 
down. 
Posterior   portion    of   shell    sloping    gently 

down,  left  valve  with  a  tooth  A.  nucea. 

Posterior  portion  of  shell  sloping  abruptly 

down,  left  value  edentulous A.  redondoensis. 

Aligena  cokeri  Dall,  1909. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  37,  No.  1704,  p.  155,  pi.  28,  fig.  5,  6. 

This  is  a  Peruvian  species  and  is  one  of  the  larger  species  on 
the  coast,  the  type  measuring  7.5  mm.  in  length.  The  hinge  is 
edentulous  with  a  small  callosity  in  front  of  the  ligament.  It  is 
about  the  shape  of  A.  nucea  Dall,  but  has  a  median  radial 
depression. 

Aligena  cerritensis  Arnold,  1903.     PI.  4,  figs.  1,  2. 

' '  Paleont.  &  Strat.  of  San  Pedro, ' '  Mem.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  138, 
pi.  13,  fig.  3,  1903. 

A.  cerritensis  was  described  from  the  Pleistocene  of  San 
Pedro,  California,  and  has  been  reported  from  La  Jolla,  Califor- 
nia, to  Magdalena  Bay,  Mexico  (Dall,  1921).  The  chondrophore 
of  a  topotype  in  the  Stanford  University  Collection  consists  of  a 
lamina  which  might  almost  be  called  a  buttress,  as  it  recedes  into 
the  shell  above  the  posterior  adductor  muscle  scar.  The  shell 
resembles  Acila  castrensis  in  outline  and  size.  The  type  (fig- 
ured) was  described  as  being  8.5  mm.  long  and  8  mm.  high.  It 
is  U.S.N.M.  162529. 

Aligena  nucea  Dall,  1913.     PI.  4,  figs.  3,  4. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  45,  No.  2002,  p.  597;  ibid.,  vol.  6G,  art.  17, 
p.  2,  pi.  28,  fig.  2,  1925. 


50  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

This  was  described  from  the  Gulf  of  California.  The  shell  was 
said  to  have  the  "beaks  posterior,  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell 
shorter."  Obviously  the  anterior  end  would  have  to  be  longer, 
if  the  beaks  are  posterior.  The  hinge  of  the  left  valve  is  de- 
scribed as  having  "a  long,  strong  narrow  chondrophore  with  a 
small  pustular  projection  in  front  of  it."  Between  the  chondro- 
phore and  the  small  tooth  is  a  triangular  socket  for  the  reception 
of  a  tooth  from  the  other  valve.  The  chondrophore  to  which 
Dall  refers  is  a  little  laminar  plate  ventral  to  the  ligament  (see 
fig.  4).  The  type  (figured)  is  4  mm.  long;  the  anterior  portion, 
1.75  mm.  long ;  and  its  height  is  3  mm.     It  is  U.S.N.M.  267149. 

Dr.  Keen  informs  me  that  the  Aligena  nucea  Dall  of  her  Check- 
list of  West  North  American  Marine  MoUusca,  1939,  based  on 
U.S.N.M.  lots  No.  211882  and  No.  331316a  from  48  fathoms  off 
Santa  Rosa  Island  and  129  fathoms  off  La  Jolla,  California, 
respectively^  is  Aligena  redondoensis  and  not  A.  nucea  as  iden- 
tified by  Dall. 

Aligena  redondoensis  sp.  nov.     PI.  4,  figs.  5,  6,  7. 

During  the  summers  of  1938  and  1939,  while  dredging  in 
seventy-five  fathoms  in  the  submarine  canyon  off  Redondo  Beach, 
California,  I  recovered  about  seventy  specimens  of  a  minute  pele- 
cypod.  After  comparing  specimens  with  the  types  of  closely 
related  species  in  the  United  States  National  Museum,  Dr.  Myra 
Keen  of  Stanford  University  and  Dr.  H.  A.  Rehder  of  the 
National  Museum  pronounced  them  a  new  species  of  Aligena. 

The  shells  apparently  live  in  a  very  limited  ecologic  habitat 
which  occurs  off  Redondo  Beach  in  but  one  very  small  area  which 
is  difficult  to  locate.  The  mollusk  lives  in  mud  mixed  with  some 
fine  grey  gravel.  On  all  sides  oi"  this  gravel  bed  the  pure  mud 
is  barren  of  shells  when  compared  with  the  rich  fauna  associated 
with  the  Aligena.  Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  two 
lots  of  this  species  in  the  Ignited  States  National  Museum  from 
off  Santa  Ro.sa  Island  and  La  Jolla,  California. 

Description :  A  minute,  fragile,  rounded,  inflated  shell  with 
beaks  somewhat  j^ostcrior  and  twisted  slightly  forward;  anterior 
portion  longer,  rounded,  upper  edge  of  shell  posterior  to  umbones 
nearly  straight  and  sloping  abruptly  down  at  an  angle  of  about 
45°    with    the    hinge    line,    lower    part    of    posterior    extremity 


October,  1941]  the  nautilus  51 

rounded ;  sliell  sculptured  with  incremental  lines  only,  color 
white;  all  specimens  covered  with  a  chocolate  brown  mud  very 
hard  to  remove;  hin^e  shelf  below  the  apex  somewhat  broader 
than  in  other  forms  of  this  jrenus;  hinge  with  a  long,  narrow 
chondrophore  like  A.  nucca;  left  valve  edentulous,  with  a  laminar 
plate  extending  forward  from  below  the  umbo  to  the  dorsal  mar- 
gin of  the  shell,  leaving  a  depressed  area  below  the  umbo,  into 
which  fits  a  single  large  tooth  from  the  right  valve;  muscle  scars 
large,  pallial  line  weak  and  simple. 

Dimensions:  length,  2.6  mm.;  of  anterior  portion,  1.5  nun.; 
height  of  shell,  2.4  mm. 

Variation:  The  shape  of  the  shell  is  fairly  consistent,  but  the 
lamina  in  the  left  hinge  ranges  from  being  practically  obsolete 
(fig.  7a),  to  being  pronounced  and  resembling  a  spoon-shaped 
chondrophore  (fig.  7b,  c).  In  the  most  extreme  variant  there  is 
a  rounded  pit  above  the  spoon-like  lamina  behind  which  is  a 
narrow  uymph-Iike  thickening  resembling  a  tooth  (fig.  7c). 

Type  locality :  Burch  station  3833  in  75  fathoms  off  Redondo 
Beach.  California,  about  latitude  33°38'50",  longitude  118°26'30". 

Holotype :  No.  382,  Allan  Hancock  Foundation,  The  University 
of  Southern  California. 

Paratypes  have  been  distributed  to:  Stanford  University 
Paleo.  type  collection.  No.  6924;  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia;  the  United  States  National  Museum; 
The  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  The  San  Diego  Society  of 
Natural  History,  and  the  collections  of  George  Willett,  A.  M. 
Strong,  and  S.  S.  Berry.  The  remaining  paratypes  are  in  the 
collection  of  the  author. 


OUTLINE  OF  AMERICAN  OLEACININAE  AND  NEW 
SPECIES  FROM  MEXICO 

By  H.  BUREINGTON  BAKER 

This  is  part  8  of  a  series  on  Mexican  mollusks  collected  for  Dr. 
Bryant  Walker  in  1926.  The  first  part  appeared  (1928)  as 
Occasional  Papers  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  no.  193,  in  which 
symbols  for  localities  are  explained  on  pp.  2-25.  The  types  of 
all  new  species  will  be  in  the  University  of  Michigan  Museum  of 
Zoology.  In  the  plate,  the  small  numbers  over  the  scales  indicate 
their  lengths  in  millimeters. 


52  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

Dissections  of  48  species  show  that  my  former  brief  definition 
of  the  Oleacininae  (Naut.  54:  135)  might  more  accurately  read: 

Kidney  primitively  triangular  but  becoming  very  oblique  and 
much  broader  than  long;  ureter  opening  near  apical  corner  of 
lung,  which  becomes  strongly  venate  in  advanced  groups  (exc. 
smallest  species)  ;  genitalia  without  evident  talon  and  with  epi- 
phallus  primitively  well  developed ;  jaw  absent ;  radular  central 
usually  well  developed  and  centrifugals  with  dominant  mesocone 
and  mainly  without  ectocones  (exc.  Varicella)  ;  salivary  glands 
forming  a  ring  around  oesophagus  (not  complete  in  Eustrepto- 
styla) ;  S-loops  of  hindgut  large;  shell  elongate,  imperforate  (exc. 
Oryzosoma),  with  continuous  or  intermittent  (varix)  growth  and 
with  variously  modified  columella. 

New  subgenera  are :  Singleya,  type  Euglandina  singleyana 
(W.G.B.) ;  Cosmomenus,  type  E.  cumingii  (Beck)  from  Vene- 
zuela (Occ.  Papers  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Mich.  156  :  43,  pi.  11,  f.  C,  D)  ; 
Guillarmodia,  Ghiesbreghtia,  Proameria  and  Shuttleworthia. 
The  older  group  names,  within  the  range  of  this  paper,  are  listed 
in  order  of  priority. 

Oleacina  Roding  (1798),'  StreptosUjla  Shuttleworth  (1852), 
Chersomitra  Martens  (1860), ^  Strehelia  Crosse  et  Fischer  (1868), 
Euglandina  C.  &  F.  (1870),^  Salasiclla  Strebel  (1877),  Oryzosoma 
Pilsbry  (1891),'  Pittieria  Martens  (1901),'  Lacvolcacina  Pils. 
(Aug.,  1907),  Rectoleacina,^  StreptostylcUa,^  PctenicUa^  and 
Varicoturris^  Pils.  (Dec,  1907),  Laeviglandina,'^  Varicoglandina^ 
and  Flavoleacina  Pil.s.  (1908),  Eitstrcptostijla  H.B.B.  (1927), 
Streptoskjlops  Pils.  (1933),'  Pcri)usiUa  H.B.B.  (1941). 

In  the  following  key,  which  outlines  the  anatomically  kno^vn 
American  groups,  each  subgenus  or  section  is  followed  by  its  type 
species. 

1.  Tribus  Varicellarum  ;  epipliallus  (mainly  with  flagellum) 
continuous  with  penis;  prostate  as  long  as  uterus;  minor  lung 
veins  indistinct;  labial  jialps  smallish;  (12)  spermatheca 
above  aorta  and  shell  able  to  contain  animal;  (13)  ureter 
ah)iig  margin  of  triangular  kidney,  with  moderately  broad 
and  oblique  base;  left  inantle-lai)i)ets  widely  separated;  (25) 
vas  deferens  unbranehed ;  Antillean: 
genera  VAh'ICELLA,  SliiMATAXIS,  LAEVABWELLA.' 

1  Anatomy  completely  unknown. 

2  Anatomy  of  type  spocica  not  known. 

3  Subdivisions  and  types  outlined  in  Naut.  55:   25  &  41) :   21. 


October,  1941]  the  nautilus  53 

2.  Streptostylarum  ;  like  1  but  epiphallus  a  swelling  of  vas 
deferens  distant  from  penis;  prostate  absent  near  uterine 
apex;  minor  lun<r  veins  prominent  (exc.  smallest  species); 
labial  palps  moderate;  kidney  with  broader,  more  oblique 
base;  (7)  shell  columella  truncate,  with  involute  edpre;  Cen- 
tral America  to  Haiti : jrenus  OLEACINA  or  Salasiellaf 

3.  Like  2  (anatomy  unknown)  and  (4)  shell  solid,  opaque, 
closely  and  evenly  striate;  Haiti: 

subgenus  Olcacina  (voluia)  s.s. 

4.  Like  3  but  shell  (under  12  mm.  long)  thinner,  very  glossy 
and  smooth  or  with  few  grooves;  (5)  epiphallus  entering 
penial  apex  through  long  verge;  (6)  penis  with  solid-tipped 
lateral  branch ;  Panama  to  Mexico  : 

subgenus  Salasiclla  (0.  joaquinae).* 

5.  Like  4  but  epiphallus  enters,  without  verge,  distant  from 
penial  apex;  shell  usually  larger;  Cuba  (to  Haiti?)  : 

subgenus  Lacvolcacina  (0.  oleacca  straminea). 

6.  Like  5  but  epiphallus  enters  penial  apex;  (4)  penial  branch 
filiform  or  absent ;  Haiti : 

subg:eu\is  Flavoleacina  (0.  mulleri). 

7.  Like  2  but  columella  with  thickened,  reflected,  twisted  edge 
and  not  markedly  truncate;  penis  without  large  verge;  epi- 
phallus often  absent;  Costa  Rica  to  Haiti ( ?)  : 

genus  STREPTOSTYLA. 

8.  Like  7  and  penis  with  (9)  lateral  branch  (without  solid  tip) 
and  (10)  epiphallus  like  4—5;  shell  usually  with  rather  high 
spire  and  columella  appearing  truncate  from  behind;  Cuba 
(to  Mexico?)  : subgenus  Rectoleacina  (S.  cuhc7isis). 

9.  Like  8  but  penis  without  branch  and  (10)  containing  a  large 
stimulator;  salivary  ring  open  below;  shell  with  strong 
growth-threads  below  suture ;  Mexico : 

subgenus  Eustreptostyla  {S.  nicoleti). 

10.  Like  9  but  without  (8)  epiphallus  or  stimulator ;  salivary  ring 
closed;  shell  thinner  and  smoother;  (11)  penis  very  long, 
witii  retractor  arising  and  inserting  above  diaphragm;  inner 
radular  teeth  not  greatly  increasing ;  shell  appearing  biconic  ; 
mainly  Mexico : 

subgenus  and  section  Strcptostyla  (strepiostyla)  s.s. 

11.  Like  10  but  penis  moderate,  with  retractor  arising  from  dia- 
phragm ;  inner  teeth  doubling  in  length  ;  shell  more  fusiform ; 
Costa  Rica  to  Mexico  :  section  Chcrsomitra  {S.  7iigricans). 

12.  Like  7  (ureter  and  mantle-lappets  unknown)  but  (1)  sper- 
matheca  short;  reduced  shell  bulliform;  penis  apparently 
simple  and  without  epiphallus;  Mexico: 

genus  STREBELIA  {hcrcndti). 

*  Section  PerpusUla  defined  in  Naut.  54 :  82. 


54  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

13.  EuGLANDiNARUM ;  like  2  but  (1)  Ureter  diverfjing  some  dis- 
tance from  transversely  li?:ulate,  extremely  oblique  kidney ; 
left  mantle-lappets  basally  continuous;  labial  palps  lonj:'; 
penis  without  verge;  epiphallus  often  absent ;  (25)  shell  with 
evident  sculpture  or  with  <j:rowth-varices  or  less  than  12  mm. 
long;  South  America  to  Florida : genus  EUGLANDINA. 

14.  Like  13  and  (18)  shell  less  than  10  mm.  long,  with  twisted 
columella;  (19)  epiphallus  long;  (21)  radular  central  well 
cusped ;  no  "crop"  observed  ;  left  mantle-lap])ets  demarcated 
only  by  greater  height  of  posterior  one ;  shell  fairly  glossy, 
with  impressed  growth-varices  and  thickened  peristome ;  (24) 
right  eye  muscle  free  from  genitalia ;  Mexico : 

subgenus  Va7'icotur7-is. 

15.  Like  14  (anatomy  unknown)  and  (16)  shell  chestnut  in  color, 
with  highest  spire,  with  later  whorls  costulate  and  strongly 
angulate  well  below  suture,  and  (17)  with  columella  strongly 
twisted;  section  Streptostylella  {E.  hotteriana). 

16.  Like  15  but  spire  less  high  and  later  whorls  with  color  bands 
preceding  varices,  with  low  growth-threads  and  (17)  forming 
an  angulate  cord  at  suture ; 

section  Ghieshreghtia  (E.  flammulata). 

17.  Like  16  (anatomy  unknown)  but  (15)  columella  less  twisted 
and  suture  simple; section  Varicoturris  (E.  duhia)  s.s. 

18.  Like  14  but  shell  more  than  14  mm.  long,  with  longer  col- 
umella not  twisted,  lower  spire,  very  low  growth  threads  or 
regular  striae  and  striking  color  bands;  Guatemala  and 
Mexico:  subgenus  Varicoglandina  (E.  t7ioirilifcra). 

19.  Like  18  but  (14)  vas  slender;  (20)  shell  less  than  12  mm. 
long,  with  weak  growth-striae  and  without  color  bands  (like 
4  but  more  solid)  ;  Mexico  : 

subgenus  and  section  Guillarmodia  (E.  pupa). 

20.  Like  19  but  shell  more  like  18,  although  usually  with  stronger 
growth  sculpture  and  more  obscure  color  bands  : 

section  Proamcria  (E.  saxatilis). 

21.  Like  20  but  (14)  radular  central  with  very  short  cusp;  an- 
terior left  mantle-lappet  overlapping  posterior;  oesojihagus 
forming  "crop";  shell  usually  dullish,  without  distini-t 
growth-varices  or  thickened  peristome  : 

subgenus  Euglandina  s.s. 

22.  Like  21  but  (23)  penial  retractor  arising  on  left  side  of 
columella  muscles;  (24)  shell  with  low  embryonic  whorls 
and  regular  growth-wrinkles,  which  arc  surmounted  by  close 
spiral  slriac  jiiid  tend  to  coalesce  into  even  sutural  cord; 
Venezuohi  to  Yucatan  :      section  Cosmomcnus  (E.  cioningii). 

23.  Like  22  but  jjcnial  retractor  arising  from  (liaj)liragm  as 
usual;  Brazil  (?)  to  Texas: 

section  Siiu/lrifa   (E.  singh jfoiia). 


October.  1941]  the  nautilus  55 

24.  Like  23  but  (14)  riprht  eye  muscle  in  atrial  anple;  (22)  shell 
with  hi-rh  embryonic  whorls,  or  with  coarse  spirals  that  cut 
irregular  growth-wrinkles  into  bars,  or  without  evident 
spirals;  Venezuela  and  Kcuador  to  Florida  : 

section  Euglandina  {aurata  li(jnaria)  s.s. 

25.  Like  14  but  (1)  slender  vas  deferens  with  branch  to  female 
side;  (13)  shell  (over  18  nun.  lonp:)  smoothish,  without 
varices;  columella,  spire,  radular  central  and  numtle-lappets 
various: {jenus  PITTIERIA  or  Laevighmdina? 

26.  Like  25  (anatomy  unknown)  and  shell  with  lon<r  strai^rht 
columella  (very  slijrhtly  twisted)  and  hij^h  turrite  spire; 
Costa  Kica:  ^nh^enw^  Pittieria  {bicolor)  s.s. 

27.  Like  26  but  with  lower  spire;  (28)  shorter  twisted  columella, 
radular  central  and  mantle-lappets  more  like  14;  vas  branch 
entering;  vaj^ina  through  alveolate  ^land ;  Panama  (?)  to 
Mexico:  subjrenus  Shuttleworihia  (P.  arhorea). 

28.  Like  27  but  columella  of  medium  length,  central  and  lappets 
more  like  21 ;  vas  branch  entering  atrium  through  internally 
plicate  bulb :  Panama  to  Mexico : 

subgenus  Laeviglandina  {P.  underwoodi) . 

Oleacina?   ( Salasiella  ? )   CAMERATA,  ncw  spccics.     PI.  5  figs. 

Of  camerata  is  known  only  from  2  dead  shells ;  the  badly  broken 
type,  from  Tepexic,  below  Necaxa,  alt.  2200  ft.,  and  a  juvenile 
example  (f.  4)  from  above,  alt.  4925  ft.  This  slender  species  has 
the  shortest  spire  and  the  largest  whorls  of  any  of  the  known 
forms  of  Salasiella;  in  its  cord-like  columella,  it  approaches 
Strcptostyla  and,  in  shell  texture,  Chersomitra.  Salasiella  and 
Lacvoleacina  appear  congeneric  but  the  shells  of  Oleacina  s.s. 
also  resemble  those  of  Laevaricclla  (Boriqucna) . 

Shell  (f.  5)  similar  to  0.  joaquinae  but  with  fewer  bigger 
whorls,  larger  apex  and  shorter  but  more  fornicate  spire;  thinner 
(more  largely  epidermal).  Embryonic  whorls  about  1.5,  assum- 
ing very  fine  growth-lines  and  obsolescent  spiral  striae.  Later 
whorls  more  elongate;  suture  similar.  Aperture  much  longer; 
peristome  less  emarginate  below  suture  and  thus  appearing  less 
arcuate  below;  columella  thickened,  cord-like  and  almost  straight. 

Streptostyla    (Eustreptost^tla)    nicoleti  atypica,   new   sub- 
species.    S.  n.,  form  A,  Strebel,  1877,  Beitrag  3:  12,  San 
Juan  Miahuatlan. 
The  type  shell  was  collected  under  a  log  in  Rio  Necaxa  gorge, 
elevation  2625  ft.  (D,  I,  a,  54).     Strebel's  form  B,  from  Orizaba, 


56 


THE    NAUTILUS 


[Vol.  55  (2) 


termed  by  Martens  var.  suhovata,  is  much  closer  to  the  typical 
southern  subspecies,  received  by  Shuttleworth  from  near  Cordoba, 
and  which  I  collected  at  Sumidero,  between  them. 

Shell  like  typical  but  with  ribs  more  closely  and  regularly 
spaced,  and  with  last  whorl  and  aperture  more  tapering  below. 
Form  of  type  much  like  Strebel's  pi.  7,  f.  2b,  but  last  whorl  still 
more  tapering ;  slightly  immature,  so  columella  and  peristome 
little  thickened. 

Alt.  maj.  diam.  alt.  apert.  diam.  apert.  whorls 
0?  camerata 

(estimated)  8.91  38(   3.41)  80(   7.13)  28(  1.97  mm.)  3i 

(juvenile)    4.88  49(   2.31)  83(   3.88)  34(  1.33  mm.)  IJ 

S.  physodes  19.6  43(  8.4  )  54(10.5   )  47(  4.9  mm.)  7.3 

S.  n.  atypica  30.6  49(14.9  )  68(20.7  )  46(  9.5  mm.)  6.7 

S.  i.  quirozi 

(usual)     32.7  45(14.8  )  77(25.1   )  39(  9.7  mm.)  6.5 

(high   spire) 33.8  45(15.1   )  72(24.5   )  41(10.0  mm.)  6.6 

S.  vexansi  13.2  43(  5.7   )  64(  8.5  )  36(  3.1  mm.)  5.7 

E.  flammulata 6.55  41(  2.68)  33(   2.13)  70(  1.50  mm.)  7.8 

E.  sHgmatica  17.4  41(  7.2  )  50(  8.7  )  53(  4.6  mm.)  7 

E.  pupa 

(type)    8.25  42(  3.48)  44(  3.67)  54(  1.98  mm.)  6.1 

(sta.  3)   7.9  41(   3.25)  46(  3.65)  52(  1.9  mm.)  6J 

E.  saxatiUs  19.2  34(  6.50)  43(  8.31)  43(  3.58  mm.)  7| 

E.  s.  convallis  21.2  39(   8.3   )  49(10.45)  45(  4.65  mm.)  7.7 

E.  d.  montivaga..  19.1  41  (  7.8  )  50 (  9.6  )  43 (  4.15  mm.)  7.0 

P.    arborea   20.0  48(  9.6  )  41(  8.3  )  64(  5.35  mm.)  7.6 

EUGLANDINA    (GhIESBREGHTIa)    FLAMMULATA,   HCW  SUbgCHUS  and 

species.  PI.  5,  figs.  10-12. 
The  type  locality  is  Las  Tortolas,  near  Cordoba,  elevation  2700 
ft.  (D,  I,  a,  4).  E.  flammulata  is  the  type  and  only  species  of 
Ghieshrcghtia,  which  is  defined  in  the  key.  Since  it  combines  a 
spire  similar  to  Varicoturris  with  a  short  twisted  columella  and  a 
less  marked  sutnral  angulation  approaching  StrcptostyJclIa,  these 
groups  are  probably  quite  closely  related.  In  the  growth-threads 
on  its  2nd  whorl  and  in  its  elongate  epiphallus,  it  approaches  the 
most  primitive  groups  of  Varicella. 

Shell  (f.  10)  fairly  solid,  traiislucout,  ovoid  turrito;  light  buff 
with  varices  preceded  by  broad  chestnut  bands,  which  are  broken 
near  middle  of  last  whorl;  burnished  although  with  low  growth- 
threads.     Apex  ogival ;  embryonic  whorls  2^,  quite  high  and  soon 


I 


()rti)l)t'r,    1941]  THE    NAUTILUS  57 

(on  1st)  assumingr  very  fine  contipruous  arcuate  g^rowth-threadlets, 
whit'h,  on  Mrd,  fjradiially  chan<;o  into  neanic  sculpture  (like  adult 
but  weaker).  Later  wliorls  <j:radually  increasing,',  narrowly  trun- 
cate^l  at  suture  by  an  an<TuIate  cord,  below  which  are  very  low 
but  anjrulate,  quite  evenly  spaced  (12.5  per  mm.  on  last)  major 
prowth-threads  with  microscopic  minor  ones  between,  both  becom- 
ing: weaker  towards  base  of  last  whorl,  which  is  flattened  below 
fireatest  width.  Aperture  small,  narrowly  truncate  above  and 
broad  below;  outer  lip  thickened  internally  and  weakly  concave 
where,  as  viewed  laterally  (f.  12)  it  is  almost  anp:ularly  arcuate. 
Columella  very  short  and  concave,  wdth  lightly  thickened  edge 
and  so  twisted  that  its  abrupt  truncation  is  only  apparent  when 
viewed  from  left  side  (f.  11)  ;  twist  still  broader  in  penult  whorl. 

EuGLANDiXA  (Guellarmodia)  PUPA,  ncw  subgCHus  and  species. 
PI.  5,  figs.  8-9. 

The  type  lot  came  from  below  Atoyac,  1300-1415  ft.  (D,  I,  a,  1). 
E.  pupa  is  the  tj'pe  of  Guillannodia,  which  has  a  shell  similar  to 
Salasiella,  but  with  more,  less  rapidly  increasing  whorls,  with  lip 
arcuate  farther  from  suture,  and  with  more  thickened  peristome 
and  columella.  "Salasiella"  elegans  Martens  (1895)  seems 
closely  related,  but  larger,  more  corneous,  with  regular  and  more 
whorls  and  with  columella  more  concave  and  heavily  thickened. 

Shell  (f.  8)  rather  solid,  translucent,  elongate  ovoid;  uniform 
porcelain-white  or  very  pale  buff;  almost  polished  although  with 
ob.solescent  growth-wrinkles.  Apex  parabolic ;  embryonic  whorls 
2.6,  quite  high,  almost  smooth  until  3rd,  which  assumes  neanic 
sculpture;  suture  with  fairly  wide  bevel.  Later  whorls  irregu- 
larly increasing  (variable),  with  occasional  varices,  but  with 
close  microscopic  growth-wrinkles  (or  striae)  extremely  weak; 
suture  widely  beveled,  weakly  impressed.  Aperture  smalli.sh, 
broadest  near  ba.se;  outer  lip  well  thickened  internally,  almost 
vertical  below  suture  but  strongly  arcuate  near  middle  (f.  9). 
Columella  moderately  long,  concave  and  obliquely  truncate,  with 
thickened  edge. 

EuGLANDiNA  (Proameria)  saxatilis,  hcw  subgcnus  and  species. 
PI.  5,  figs.  2-3. 

The  type  came  from  below  Necaxa,  elevation  3000  ft.  (D,  II,  a, 
53).  E.  saxatilis  is  the  type  of  Proameria,  which  is  used  to  in- 
clude E.  conferta,  E.  polita,  probably  E.  cordovana  and  perhaps 
all  the  species  of  the  original  Varicoglandina,  except  the  brightly 


58  THE  NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

banded  typical  group.  E.  saxatilis  is  rather  similar  to  E.  dalli 
in  shape,  but  has  higher  2nd  and  3rd  whorls,  much  shorter  later 
ones,  longer  and  straighter  columella  and  much  more  marked 
growth-sulci.  The  figures  of  E.  delicatula  show  a  much  less 
attenuate  base  and  stouter  whorls. 

Shell  (f.  2)  moderately  thin,  translucent,  slender,  turrite, 
g:radually  tapering  above  and  more  abruptly  below;  very  pale 
olive  brown  with  very  slightly  darker  color  bands  preceding 
varices;  highly  glossy  although  with  regular  sulci.  Apex 
domed ;  embryonic  whorls  2.7,  moderately  high,  with  first  2  almost 
smooth  and  then  assuming  growth-sulci ;  suture  very  widely 
beveled.  Later  whorls  gradually  increasing,  flattened,  with 
regularly  spaced  growth-sulci  (66  +  4  varices  on  last),  which  are 
quite  deep  at  suture,  where  they  separate  low  rounded  growth- 
threads,  have  more  flattened  interspaces  on  sides  of  whorl,  and 
become  shallow  towards  base  of  last ;  spiral  striae  microscopic  and 
practically  obsolete;  suture  quite  widely  beveled.  Aperture 
small,  attenuate  above  and  narrowing  below;  peristome  weakly 
thickened  internally,  almost  vertical  (lateral  profile  in  f.  3)  below 
suture  and  but  weakly  arcuate  near  middle;  columella  fairly  long 
and  weakly  concave. 

E.  (P.)  sAXATiLis  coNVALLis,  new  subspecies.     PI.  5,  fig.  1. 

The  type  locality  is  Tepexie,  below  Necaxa,  elevation  2215  ft. 
(D,I,55). 

Shell  like  typical  but  much  stouter.  Later  whorls  more  con- 
vex, with  considerably  stronger  growth-threads  (90  sulci  and  4 
varices  on  last)  which  are  subangulate  below  suture.  Columella 
more  concave. 

E.  (P.)  DELICATULA  (?)  MONTivAGA,  new  subspecies.  PI.  5, 
figs.  6-7. 

The  type  locality  is  above  Necaxa,  elevation  4925  ft.  (C,  II,  35). 

Apparently  like  E.  delicatula  major  (Martens)  in  form  (f.  6) 
but  with  much  weaker  growth-sculpture.  Like  E.  saxatilis  in 
sculpture,  but  with  broader  and  more  obtuse  apex,  larger  whorls, 
less  attenuate  base  and  with  color  bands  sliglitly  more  evident; 
embryonic  whorls  mnch  lower;  last  whorl  with  79  sulci  -{  3  varices 
and  with  slightly  less  obsolete  spiral  striae;  suture  less  widely 
beveled  througliout;  aperture  broader  below;  peristome  (profile 
in  f.  7)  more  arcuate  near  middle;  columella  shorter  and  more 
concave  (even  than  in  E.  s.  conrallis). 


October,  1941]  the  nautilus  ilO 

PiTTiERiA  (Shuttleworthia)  arborea.  ncw  subgcnus  and  spe- 
cies. IM.  5.  fi^'s.  13-15. 
The  type  locality  of  this  arboreal  species  is  below  Xecaxa,  ele- 
vation 3120  ft.  (D,  I,  e,  52),  Avhere  it  was  fairly  frequent.  P. 
arborea  is  the  type  of  Shuttleworthia.  It  is  apparently  quite 
closely  related  to  P.  ambigna  (Pfr.),  but  has  a  shorter  last  whorl 
and  aperture ;  its  columella  is  usually  shorter  and  more  concave 
althoujrh  quite  variable;  and  it  differs  in  color,  as  also  from  P. 
difficilis  (C.  &  F.),  which  has  more  convex  outlines.  Streptostyla 
ehiriquiejtsis  Mts.  and  S.  viridula  Angas  more  remotely  resemble 
this  group. 

Shell  (f.  13)  thinnish,  turrite,  with  conic  spire  and  broadest 
near  base;  opaque  whitish,  tinted  with  brownish  or  lavender, 
especially  on  spire  and  rarely  in  axial  streaks,  with  bright  chest- 
nut, forming  a  band  below  white  subsutural  line,  and  on  colu- 
mella;  quite  polished,  although  with  weak  growth-sulci.  Apex 
parabolic;  embryonic  whorls  almost  3;  last  2  fairly  high;  last 
assuming  Aveak  growth-sulci;  suture  widely  beveled  and  not 
colored.  Later  whorls  gradually  increasing,  somewhat  convex, 
with  very  irregular,  weak  and  often  intermittent  growth-sulci 
and  striae,  which  are  often  broken  or  strengthened  by  injuries; 
suture  quite  widely  beveled,  w^eakly  impressed.  Aperture  short 
and  broad;  outer  lip  thin,  almost  vertical  (f.  14)  and  scarcely 
arcuate.  Columella  typically  short,  concave,  sigmoidly  twisted 
and  with  white  weakly  thickened  edge,  but  abruptly  truncate  as 
viewed  from  left  (f.  15)  ;  may  be  moderately  long,  or  much 
straighter,  or  less  truncate  (high  climbs  bring  long  falls). 

The  following  notes  complete  the  list  of  Oleacinidae  collected 
in  1926. 

Olcacina  (Salasiella)  camerata  H.B.B.,  Necaxa,  2215-4925  ft., 
CD,  III,  dead,  35,  55. 

Streptostyla  (Rcctoleacina)  physodcs  (Sh.)  good  climber, 
Peiluela  to  Sumidero,  2625-3400  ft.,  AD,  III,  de,  3-6,  typical  form 
paedogenetoid ;  attains  a  size  (see  dimensions)  even  larger  than 
f.  auriculacea  (Pfr.).  S.  lymneiformis  (Sh.),  rapid  climber  dur- 
ing rain,  Sumidero,  D,  I,  ede,  6.  S.  meridana  (Mo.),  Progreso. 
E,  I,  dead,  61 ;  long  and  short  spired  forms. 

8.  (Eustreptostijla)  nicoleti  (Sh.),  Sumidero,  3400  ft..  D.  I, 
a,  6.     (S.  n.  atypica  H.B.B.,  Necaxa,  D,  I,  a,  54. 


60  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

S.  (s.s.)  streptosUjla  (Pfr.),  Cordoba  to  Sumidero,  2625-3400 
ft,  AD,  I,  ab,  4,  6;  f.  coniformis  (Sh.)  which  is  larger  (more 
whorls),  lighter  colored,  less  prominently  streaked  and  has  a 
higher  spire,  at  Cordoba.  S.  turgidula  (Pfr.),  Cordoba,  2625- 
3000  ft.,  A,  I,  dead,  4.  S.  iMcatula  Strebel,  Atoyac,  1300-1415 
ft.,  AD,  I,  dead,  1 ;  probably  var.  of  preceding.  8.  glandif ormis 
C.  &  F.,  Cordoba,  2625-3125  ft.,  AD,  III,  dead,  3,  5.  S.  yuca- 
tanensis  Pils.,  Progreso,  E,  I,  dead,  61. 

S.  (Chersomitra)  irrigtia  (Sh.)  Cordoba,  2625-3125  ft.,  AD, 
III,  de,  4;  dead,  3,  5.  8.  i.  quirozi  Strebel,  Necaxa,  3120-5500  ft., 
BCD,  III,  a,  e,  juvenile,  35,  52 ;  dead,  32,  33,  36,  41 ;  growing 
larger  (dimensions  given) ;  usually  low  spired  but  rarely  ap- 
proaching Strebel's  "8.  shuttleworthi."  8.  vexans  Strebel  (?), 
Cordoba,  2625-3000  ft.,  D,  III,  dead,  4;  one  shell  like  8.  irrigua 
but  thinner,  slenderer  and  with  longer  spire  (see  dimensions). 
8.  ventricosula  (Mo.),  Progreso,  E,  I,  dead,  61. 

Euglandina  (Ghieshreghtia)  flammulata  H.B.B.,  Cordoba  to 
Sumidero,  2700-3400  ft.,  D.  I,  a,  4,  6. 

E.  (Varicoglandina)  stigmatica  (Pfr.),  Peiiuela  to  Sumidero, 
2625-3400  ft.,  AD,  III,  abed,  3,  4,  6. 

E.  {Guillarmodia)  pupa  H.B.B.,  Atoyac  to  Peiiuela,  1300- 
2950  ft.,  D,  III,  a,  1 ;  dead  smaller  form,  3. 

E.  (Proameria)  saxatilis  H.B.B.,  Necaxa,  2625^925  ft.,  CD, 
III,  a,  53 ;  dead  young,  approaching  next,  35,  54.  E.  s.  convallis 
H.B.B.,  Tepexic,  2215  ft.,  D.  I,  fresh,  55.  E.  delicafula  montivaga 
H.B.B.,  Necaxa,  4500-4925  ft.,  BC,  III,  dead,  35,  37,  41.  E.  cor- 
dovana  (Pfr.),  Sumidero,  3400  ft.,  D,  I,  a,  6. 

E.  {Cosmomenus)  cylindracca  (Pliillips),  under  rocks,  Pro- 
greso, E,  I,  a,  6. 

E.  {8ingleya)  Candida  (Sh.),  Atoyac,  1300-1415  ft.,  D,  I,  dead, 
1;  var.  connlaris  (Pfr.),  smoother  witli  straightor  cohnnella, 
Potrero  to  Cordoba,  2150-3000  ft.,  AD,  III,  dead,  2,  4.  E.  sp?, 
Atoyac  ;  more  obtuse  apex  than  E.  Candida ;  young. 

E.  {s.s.)  vanuxcmcnsis  (Lea),  Piramides,  under  cacti,  7510  ft., 
E,  II,  a,  13;  var.  with  typical  columella  and  long  aperture,  but 
with  closer  whorls,  and  sharper  sculptnro  ajijiroaching  E.  micJioa- 
cancnsis  Pils.,  under  maguey,  Guajinuilpa,  9200  ft.,  C,  II,  a,  12. 
E.  sowcrhyana  estcfaniac  (Strebel),  Cordoba  to  Sumidero,  2625- 


Till':  XAr'i'ii.rs:  .V)  (2) 


I'LATK   'y 


Kiy.   1,  Kiu/ldiiiliiKi  sujatilix  rinintUis.      Ki^s.  L'-.'{.   K.  .sti.nil ili.s.      F'ms.  4-5. 
Oliariiin  ninnrdto.     Figs.  (>-7,  Kiif/laii(linii  ililinti iihi   monliritiia.     Fiys.  H-», 
K.  pupa.     Figs.  10-12.  E.  ftnniwiihilii.     Figs.  1.3-1.").  Pitticria  arborca. 
Sf.-ili'  liiH's  =  1  &  2  iimi.  .IS  in.ukccl. 


October,  1941]  the  nautilus  61 

3400  ft.,  AD,  III,  dead,  4,  5,  6;  immature,  with  typical  small 
whorls  ami  apex,  but  with  swollen  last  whorl  and  more  attenuate 
spire. 


THE  MICHIGAN  ARION  CIRCUMSCRIPTUS 
COLONY 

By  GLENN  R.  WEBB 

In  view  of  the  potential  usefulness  which  colonies  of  exotic 
species  may  serve  in  furnishing  data  on  problems  of  zoogeography, 
the  continued  existence  of  Arioii  circumscriptus  Johnston  in 
Michigan  should  be  reported. 

According  to  Walker  (1918),  the  first  specimens  of  circum- 
scriptus from  Michigan  were  collected  by  Mr.  Harold  Cummins 
in  1913  at  ".  .  .  the  'Cat  Hole,'  a  well-known  sink-hole  near 
Ann  Arbor."  Since  then  no  other  specimens  seem  to  have  been 
found  at  the  locality,  and  recently  it  has  been  suggested  that  the 
species  was  unable  to  establish  a  colony  (Goodrich,  1932).  How- 
ever, in  the  early  part  of  1939,  Mr.  John  P.  Ragsdale,  Jr.,  found 
a  thriving  colony  of  the  species  at  the  Michigan  University 
arboretum  in  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  and  collected  several  speci- 
mens. These  were  to  be  shipped  alive  to  Indianapolis,  Indiana, 
for  comparison  with  specimens  of  the  local  colony  there,  but  they 
spoiled  en  route  and  only  one  specimen  was  suitable  for  preser- 
vation. It  is  desirable  that  Michigan  collectors  discover  if  the 
colony  still  exists. 

The  source  of  the  1939  colony  is  problematic  and  represents 
either  a  separate  introduction  of  the  species  or  a  continuation 
and  extension  of  range  of  the  old  Walker  colony.  It  may  be  that 
the  species  is  wide-spread  about  Ann  Arbor  but  only  becomes 
locally  or  periodically  sufficiently  abundant  to  attract  attention. 

References 

1918.    Walker,  Bryant,  "Foreign  Land  Snails  in  Michigan," 

Occ.  Papers  Univ.  Mich.,  no.  58,  pp.  2-3. 
1932.    Goodrich,  Calvin,  "The  Mollusca  of  Michigan,"  Univ. 

Mich.  Handbook  Series,  no.  5,  p.  42. 


62  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED 

The  South  African  Non-Marine  Mollusca.  M.  Connolly. 
A  Monographic  Survey  of  South  African  Non-Marine  Mollusca. 
Annals  South  African  Museum.  Vol.  XXXIII.  December  1939. 
660  pages.  19  plates.  The  long  awaited  account  of  the  South 
African  snails,  by  Major  Connolly,  is  one  of  the  greatest  contri- 
butions to  the  knowledge  of  the  mollusca  which  have  appeared 
in  modern  times,  and  we  can  only  hope  that  so  great  a  gift  will 
be  received  as  it  deserves  to  be,  as  a  guide  and  stimulus  to  collec- 
tors and  students  all  over  South  Africa,  and  a  text  to  be  referred 
to  by  malacologists  all  over  the  world. 

The  South  African  snail  fauna  is  a  very  rit-h  one,  764  species 
being  treated  by  Connolly.  Many  others  will  undoubtedly  be 
found,  but  it  seems  certain  that  many  of  those  now  listed  will 
eventually  be  reduced  to  tlie  synonymy  or  treated  as  varieties. 
Connolly  tells  us  that  he  has  examined  authentic  examples, 
usually  types  or  paratypes,  of  very  nearly  all  the  species,  but  in 
numerous  cases  the  anatomy  is  still  unknown,  and  very  often  the 
material  is  insufficient  for  a  decision  as  to  its  specific  standing. 
Under  these  circumstances,  Connolly  always  gives  the  described 
species  the  benefit  of  the  doubt,  a  very  much  better  policj'  than 
that  of  some  authors  who  make  long  lists  of  supposed  synonyms 
without  knowing  much  about  them,  and  sometimes  without  even 
seeing  specimens.  Comparing  the  work  with  Pilsbry's  treatment 
of  North  American  land  snails,  now  in  course  of  publication,  we 
observe  that  Connolly's  account  is  much  more  condensed,  and  the 
knowledge  available  is  comparatively  limited.  Pilsbry's  book 
represents  a  much  more  advanced  state  of  the  science,  and  it  will 
probably  be  fifty  or  a  hundred  years  before  the  African  fauna 
can  be  treated  as  exhaustively  as  the  North  American.  By  that 
time  the  North  American  snails  will  also  have  been  more  inten- 
sively studied,  so  tli.it  thcii-  ti-catuu-ut  will  advance  a  stage.  It 
should  be  cousidered  a  great  privilege, — open  to  all  interested 
persons — ,  to  have  some  part  in  this  nuirch  of  science  through 
the  decades. 

Students  of  African  natural  history  today  have  great  advan- 
tages over  their  j)rede('essors.  With  Connolly's  account  of  the 
South  African  snails,  and   the  (lescrii)tion   of  the  snails  of  the 


Ot'tober.  1941]  the  nautilus  63 

lieli^ian  Conjro  by  Pilsbry  and  Bequaert,  a  large  part  of  Africa 
lias  been  eovered  in  sueb  a  way  as  to  make  further  work  eompara- 
tively  easy.  Chapin's  aeeount  of  the  Birds  of  tlie  B('lji:ian  Con^'o, 
of  which  two  volumes  have  been  published  by  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  contains  an  illuminating'  discussion 
of  the  zoogeojrraphy  of  Africa  in  general,  while  the  botanists  have 
been  active  in  organizing  our  knowledge  of  the  plants.  A  recent 
little  book  on  Vegetation  of  South  Africa,  by  R.  S.  Adamson 
(British  Empire  Vegetation  Committee,  1938)  should  be  read  in 
connection  with  studies  of  the  snails. 

South  Africa  being  deficient  in  lakes  and  rivers,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  the  freshwater  molluscs  are  neither  very  numerous 
nor  very  peculiar.  There  is,  however,  an  endemic  genus  Tomi- 
chia,  which  includes  all  the  Hydrobiidae  of  the  region.  This 
genus  has  been  minutely  studied  by  Hugh  Watson,  whose  results 
are  all  incorporated  in  Connolly's  book.  It  is  found  that  the 
species  are  numerous,  and  in  addition  to  those  recognized,  T.  ven- 
tricosa  (Reeve)  includes  six  races  or  closely  allied  species,  with 
distinctive  characters  of  the  radulae,  which  are  designated  by 
Greek  letters  but  not  named.  These  shells  occur  in  small  lakes 
or  ponds,  where  they  are  isolated  and  tend  to  develop  distinctive 
characters.  Among  the  land  snails,  Pilsbry  and  Bequaert  (1927) 
cite  twenty  genera  as  restricted  to  the  South  African  subregion. 
The  most  important  are  the  Dorcasiinae,  with  three  genera  and 
numerous  species,  but  the  slugs  Apcra  and  Oopelta  are  very 
peculiar.  The  original  Oopelta  was  described  as  coming  from 
Guinea,  which  would  take  it  out  of  the  list  of  genera  peculiar 
to  S.  Africa.  As  what  appears  to  be  the  same  species  has  been 
found  in  the  Cape  Province,  and  several  related  species  occur 
there,  the  Guinea  record  is  to  be  considered  doubtful.  If  veri- 
fied, the  species  might  have  been  introduced  from  the  Cape.  The 
family  Aperidae,  with  the  genus  Apcra  {Chlamydophonis) 
ranges  from  Cape  Town  to  Natal  with  numerous  species,  which 
have  been  studied  by  Watson.  Sculptaria,  of  which  Pilsbry  and 
Bequaert  say  "family  uncertain,"  is  referred  by  Connolly  to  the 
Corillidae. 

Traveling  in  South  Africa,  one  does  not  find  regions  where  the 
snails  are  excessively  abundant  as  in  the  Mediterranean  region 


64  TECE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

and  the  Madeira  and  Canary  Islands.  At  first  sight,  many  of 
the  species  seem  to  belong  to  familiar  genera,  but  great  numbers 
of  small  shells,  with  the  aspect  of  Pupillidae,  belong  in  fact  to 
the  totally  different  family  Streptaxidae ;  and  many  helicoid 
forms  are  found,  on  examination  of  the  anatomy,  to  be  little 
related  to  northern  species  having  similar  shells.  South  Africa 
has  proved  extremely  rich  in  vertebrate  fossils  of  different  ages. 
It  is  probable  that  careful  search  will  produce  fossil  shells,  throw- 
ing much  light  on  the  ancestry  of  the  African  genera,  but  stu- 
dents of  vertebrates  rarely  pay  much  attention  to  such  things. — 

T.  D.   A.   COCKERELL. 

Notes  on  Giant  Fasciolarias.  By  Burnett  Smith.  Palaeon- 
tographica  Americana,  vol.  2,  No.  2,  pp.  2-8,  pi.  1.  1940.  Dr. 
Smith  uses  the  name  Fasciolaria  papillosa  Sowerby,  1825,  for  the 
species  generally  known  as  F.  gigantea  Kiener,  describing  two 
subspecies:  F.  p.  duplinensis  from  the  Miocene  of  Duplin  Co., 
N.  C,  and  F.  p.  acmensis  from  Waccamaw  Pliocene,  Acme,  N.  C. ; 
a  specimen  also  found  on  the  beach  at  Hatteras. — H.  A.  P. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS 

The  Name  Pteranodon. — ^With  reference  to  the  article  by  Dr. 
Haas  (p.  20)  it  should  be  noted  that  the  name  Pteranodon  is 
preoccupied  (Marsh  1876)  and  so  is  not  available  in  any  case. — T. 

D.  A.  CoCKERELL. 

Dr.  Henry  D.  Russell  has  been  appointed  Assistant  Curator 
of  Mollusks  at  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Harvard 
University,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Dr.  Russell  has  been  associated 
with  the  Department  of  Mollusks  since  1932  as  a  graduate  student 
and  later  as  Research  Assistant. 

The  Conchological  Society  of  the  Bahama  Islands  has 
recently  been  organized  on  New  Providence,  British  West  Indies. 
Mr.  Paul  D.  Ford,  its  first  president,  writes:  "Our  meetings  are 
growing  in  interest." 

Correction  re  Mrjrsus  and  Apolymetis. — In  the  last  number  of 
The  Nautilus  I  published  a  note  stating  that  Myrsus  H.  and  A. 
Adams  1858  was  a  .substitulo  name  for  Metis  H.  and  A.  Adams 


Octobor.  1941]  thk  nautilus  65 

1856  and  should  replace  Apolymetia  Salisbury  1929.  Throuj;h 
some  stranue  oversiprht  I  failed  to  note  that  Myrsus  was  a  substi- 
tute for  Metis  II.  and  A.  Adams  1857,  proposed  on  pa^e  43()  of 
the  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  and  not  for  Metis  1856  on  page 
399.  The  latter  will  still  bear  the  name  Apolymetis  and  for  the 
Metis  of  1857  the  name  Katclysia  Romer  1857  is  in  use. — H.  A. 
Rehder. 

Marginella  hartleyana,  new  species.  PI.  3,  figs.  6,  7.  Shell 
small,  polished,  spire  slightly  conic,  with  obtuse  apex,  of  about 
Ah  whorls;  suture  shallow,  aperture  narrow  and  nearly  as  long 
as  the  shell,  outer  lip  thickened  and  very  slightly  incurved.  Four 
oblique  plaits  on  the  columella,  the  first,  second  and  third  being 
increasingly  larger,  the  fourth  diminishing  to  the  size  of  the 
second.  The  shell  is  pale  ochraceous-salmon  color,  thickly  cov- 
ered with  minute,  irregular  flecks  of  ochraceous-salmon,  which 
form  three  very  faint,  indistinct  bands  around  the  body  whorl. 
There  is  a  narrow  band  below  the  suture  which  is  without  flecks, 
and  they  evanesce  toward  the  heavily  bevelled  lip,  which  is  much 
paler  in  color,  being  almost  white. 

Length  8  mm.,  width  4.5  mm.,  type. 

Length  7.3  mm.,  width  4  mm. 

The  Type  178026  A.N.S.P.  was  dredged  off  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
northwest  Florida,  in  about  15  fathoms  of  water  by  Hartley 
Starkey,  for  whom  the  shell  is  named.  Paratypes  from  the  same 
lot  are  in  the  Beal-Maltbie  Shell  Museum,  Winter  Park,  Florida, 
and  in  my  collection. — Jeanne  S.  Schwengel. 

New  Localities  for  Helminthogypta  californiensis  Lea. — 
The  range  of  H.  californiensis  as  given  in  "Land  Mollusca  of 
North  America  North  of  Mexico"  is  given  as  Point  Pinos  to  Point 
Lobos,  a  distance  of  about  20  miles.  During  the  last  8  months 
I  have  resided  at  Pacific  Grove  and  have  collected  this  species  at 
several  localities  outside  of  its  published  range.  I  have  found  it 
at  several  localities  north  of  Monterey  in  the  sand  dunes,  the 
farthest  north  being  at  Marina  Beach,  10  miles  north  of  Mon- 
terey, and  I  have  collected  it  at  3  points  south  of  Point  Lobos, 
the  southernmost  being  just  south  of  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Sur 
River,  about  15  miles  south  of  Point  Lobos.  Our  best  collecting, 
both  as  to  number  of  specimens  and  size  of  shells,  was  in  the  sand 
dunes  about  3  miles  north  of  Monterey. — E.  P.  Chace. 


66  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

More  "Corded"  Olive  Shells. — In  The  Nautilus,  vol.  54, 
p.  32,  Dr.  Louise  M.  Perry  described  and  figured  (plate  1,  fig- 
ure 7)  specimens  of  Oliva  sayana  from  Sanibel-Captiva,  Florida, 
which  bore  "a  well-elevated,  rounded,  cord-like  ridge  about  2  ram. 
wide,  parallel  with  the  suture  and  generally  at  or  near  the  middle 
of  the  body  whorl."  Dr.  B.  R.  Bales  has  sent  us  a  similar  exam- 
ple of  this  species  collected  by  him  at  Bonita  Springs,  Florida. 
We  have  also  an  example  of  Oliva  incrassata  with  the  same  pecu- 
liarity. It  is  from  the  gulf  coast  of  Lower  California  between 
Angeles  Bsiy  and  the  settlement  of  San  Felipe.  It  was  obtained 
from  a  dealer.  At  Bolinas,  Marin  County,  California,  we  col- 
lected one  normally  colored  Olivella  hiplicaia  with  this  same 
feature.  It  is  the  only  occurrence  of  this  pathological  anomaly 
in  a  series  of  2757  specimens  taken  there. — D.  S.  and  E.  W. 

GiFFORD. 

A  Senatorial  Conchologist. — Benjamin  Tappan  who  de- 
scribed Physa  sayii  appears  in  the  history  of  Ohio  as  the  second 
settler  in  one  of  the  northern  counties  of  the  state,  the  founder 
of  the  town  of  Ravenna,  presiding  judge  of  a  circuit  court  of 
common  pleas  and  United  States  senator.  Henry  Howe,  who 
might  be  termed  a  middle  western  collector  of  eccentricities,  wrote 
that  Tappan  was  *  *  cross-eyed,  with  a  pair  of  sharp  black  eyes  and 
talking  through  his  nose  in  a  whining,  sing-song  sort  of  style." 
Like  many  of  the  frontier  judges  he  was  given  to  making  informal 
pronouncements  from  the  bench.  For  example,  when  wearied 
with  a  verbose  lawyer,  he  called  on  him  to  "shut  up !  You  don't 
know  anything  about  it.  You  were  a  fool  forty  years  ago,  when 
I  first  knew  you,  and  you  have  been  failing  every  day  since." 
Tappan  politically  was  an  almost  violent  Jackson  Democrat ;  for 
all  tlwit,  unlike  Jackson,  he  was  opposed  to  slavery  lie  was  sent 
to  tlie  United  States  senate  by  a  Democratic  legislature  which 
found  IiItu  acceptable  on  tlie  ground  of  having  an  anti-slavery 
opinion  apparently  just  short  of  abolition,  whatever  that  could 
have  meant.  For  a  time  he  was  the  law  partiuM*  of  Edwin  M. 
Stanton  who  became  Lincoln's  secretary  of  war.  A  sketch  of 
Tajipan's  career  says  tliat  he  "devoted  his  last  years  to  an  inter- 
est in  mineralogy  and  coiu-hology."  His  life  covered  the  years 
1773  to  1857.— Calvin  Goodrich. 


October,  1041]  the  naitilus  67 

A  Sinistral  Sitccinea  uvalis. — The  sinistral  Succinea  ovalis 
roi)orte(.l  here  was  collected  from  beside  a  small  stream  at  Ithaca, 
New  York,  on  May  23.  1940.  The  writer  sent  it  to  Mr.  Frank 
Collins  Baker  of  the  University  of  Illinois  for  identification  con- 
firmation. The  followinjr  is  a  quotation  from  a  letter  received 
from  Mr.  Baker,  "Number  2  [desi<ji:nation  number]  is  very  pecu- 
liar in  being  reversed,  a  very  rare  feature  in  this  ^'enus  [Suc- 
cinea]. Amonjr  some  thousands  of  specimens  of  the  fjenus 
Succinea  in  our  collection  there  is  not  a  single  reversed  individ- 
ual. Number  2  is  like  some  large  forms  of  Succinea  which  I  have 
referred  to  Succinea  ovalis  optima  Pils.,  which  attains  a  length 
of  an  inch."  Gratitude  is  expressed  to  Mr.  Frank  Collins  Baker 
for  the  identification  of  this  rare  specimen. — William  Marcus 
Ingram. 

The  First  Record  of  the  Slug  Deroceras  reticulatum 
(Miiller)  in  the  United  States. — This  probable  United  States 
record  was  made  possible  through  the  identification  of  the  slug, 
Deroceras  reticulatum  (Miiller),  by  Dr.  H.  Burrington  Baker  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  two  specimens  of  D.  reticulatum  sent  to  Dr.  Baker  were 
collected  in  late  September  1940  at  Ithaca,  New  York.  These 
were  taken  from  beneath  flat  stones  overlying  moist  soil  at  the 
Cornell  University  Fish  Hatchery.  At  the  time  of  their  collec- 
tion others  were  found  in  a  similar  habitat  as  well  as  under  sev- 
eral old  piles  of  branches  and  beneath  isolated  stick  and  grass 
debris  piles. 

The  writer  believes  that  other  individuals  were  taken  in  the 
fall  of  1940  while  he  was  conducting  the  Cornell  University  inver- 
tebrate zoology  field  course  in  the  Louis  Agassiz  Fuertes  Bird 
Sanctuary  at  the  head  of  Cayuga  Lake.  Here  the  slugs  were 
found  beneath  flat  rocks,  beneath  water  carried  debris  piles,  and 
beneath  discarded  metal  drain  pipes.  At  the  time  these  collec- 
tions were  made  the  soil  was  extremely  moist  and  oozed  under 
ones  steps.  Here,  as  well  as  at  the  original  collection  area,  the 
slugs  were  active  beneath  their  protective  covering  during  day- 
light. 

Thanks  are  due  Dr.  H.  B.  Baker  for  his  courtesy  in  identifying 
this  slug  species.     In  his  letter  to  the  writer  Dr.  Baker  states, 


68  THE  NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

"This,  I  believe,  is  the  first  report  [referring  to  D.  reticulatum] 
of  this  species  from  the  U.  S.,  but  undoubtedly  it  has  been  com- 
monly confused  with  D.  agrestc  (L.)." — William  Marcus 
Ingram. 

In  the  Field  in  Utah:  extract  from  a  collector's  letter. — 
Mrs.  MacMillan  and  I  have  completed  our  collecting;  work  for  the 
present  in  Utah.  Our  first  stop  was  at  Moab,  situated  in  the  east 
central  part  of  the  state.  "We  had  a  cabin  in  Arches  National 
Monument  at  a  place  called  Willow  Springs.  Close  to  the  cabin 
a  small  spring  sent  a  stream  of  water  through  a  canyon  for  a 
mile  or  so  before  it  disappeared  in  the  sandy  bottom.  In  the 
more  shady  sections  of  this  canyon  were  small  groA\"tlis  of  willows, 
under  which  were  patches  of  grass.  At  these  spots  I  found  at 
least  two  species  of  Vallonia  and  a  small,  blackish-gray  slug, 
which  I  believe  is  Agriolimax  campestris. 

About  a  mile  from  the  cabin  the  C.  C.  C.  boys  built  a  dam 
across  a  wash  three  or  four  years  ago.  Since  then  the  lake  has 
been  filled  and  overflows  after  each  storm.  A  species  of  Physa 
was  clinging  to  most  of  the  branches  and  other  debris  in  the 
water.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  these  shells  were  brought  here 
by  some  wading  bird,  as  at  present  no  water  exists  in  the  wash 
beyond  the  dam  except  after  a  storm,  and  the  water  in  the  stream 
is  not  permanent  except  during  the  rainy  periods.  However,  in 
the  past  there  is  the  possibility  that  a  stream  did  exist  in  this 
wash  as  also  in  the  one  of  Willow  Springs,  which  permitted  tiie 
mollusks  found  here  to  migrate  to  these  spots.  Since  that  time 
meterologic  changes  have  isolated  these  snails,  which  are  now 
found  onl}^  in  scattered  localities. 

After  spending  a  week  at  Willow  Springs  we  moved  to  another 
section  of  Arches  National  Monument,  at  Salt  Wash,  where  mol- 
lusk  collecting  was  more  successful.  A  mile  or  so  from  camp  a 
stream  cascaded  down  a  series  of  steps,  forming  a  number  of 
ponds  at  each  place,  before  it  entered  Salt  Wjish.  Along  each 
j)ond  the  shore  was  lined  witii  willows  and  poison  oaks,  and  under 
them  the  largest  horse-tails  that  I  had  ever  seen  were  growing. 
Underneatli  these  horse-tails  and  crawling  over  the  moist  ground 
we  collectod  two  species  of  Succinca  and  Afjrinlimnx  campestris. 


Oi'tober.  1941]  the  nautilus  69 

In  the  ponds  and  in  the  stream,  even  on  top  of  the  mountain,  a 
species  of  Pliysa  was  found. 

Followiu};  a  week  of  inactivity  in  the  field,  but  catehinjr  up  on 
the  material  collected,  we  camped  at  Powder  Wash,  southeast  of 
Jensen.  During:  our  week's  stay  here  the  work  done  was  con- 
fined mainly  to  paleontoIo<ry,  workinjr  in  the  bad  lands  under  a 
blazint^  sun  with  LeRoy  Kay,  assistant  curator  of  Vertebrate 
Paleontolopry  at  the  Carnefrie  Museum.  In  the  exposures  of  sand- 
stone, shales  and  sandy  shales,  we  chiseled  out  jaws  of  small  liz- 
ards and  mammals,  unearthed  skeletons  of  fishes,  and  brought  to 
liprht  various  kinds  of  plants  and  insects  that  lived  upon  the  earth 
a  few  hundred  million  years  ago.  Our  chief  find  was  the  skull 
and  bones  of  a  carnivorous  animal,  about  the  size  of  a  coyote. 
Most  of  the  bones  were  collected  by  screening  the  yellowish  sand 
beyond  the  spot  where  the  skull  was  first  discovered.  One  day 
I  was  able  to  collect  in  a  dry  wash  near  the  Green  River  north 
of  Jen.sen  for  about  half  an  hour.  At  this  place  the  Green  River 
emerges  from  a  steep-walled  canyon  and  most  of  the  land  on  the 
broad  flood  plain  beyond  had  been  utilized  for  farming.  During 
the  time  spent  in  this  wash  I  was  able  to  find  only  one  Succinea 
which  had  been  washed  down  there  from  some  other  place. 

To  compensate  for  the  lack  of  present-day  mollusks  I  collected 
a  large  series  of  fossil  shells  from  the  Wasatch  and  Green  River 
formations,  both  of  Eocene  age.  Most  of  the  snails  of  the 
Wasatch  formation  were  representatives  of  the  genus  Pleurocera, 
or  at  least  that  family.  This  was  especially  true  of  the  lowest 
of  the  three  outcrops,  the  one  in  which  I  was  most  interested,  as 
I  found  imbedded  in  it  two  species  of  snails  that  look  very  much 
like  Cerion.  I  will  know  more  definitely  about  that  when  I  have 
the.se  snails  removed  from  the  matrix  in  which  they  now  rest. 
The  other  two  layers  contain  larger  snails,  mainly  Physa,  a  large 
Planorbid,  too  flat  for  Helisoma,  and  a  species  or  two  of  Union- 
idae.  The  snails  collected  from  the  Green  River  were  all  casts, 
but  were  so  well  preserved  that  I  had  no  difiiculty  in  recognizing 
the  genus  to  which  each  specimen  belonged.  The  genera  most 
common  were  ''Planorbis,"  Physa,  ** Pleurocera/'  Viviparus  and 
Lymnaea  (or  their  paleontological  relatives).  Conchologically 
yours. — Gordon  K.  MacMillan. 


70  THE    NAUTILiUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

New  Names  for  Subdivisions  of  Gongylostoma. — In  IManual 
of  Conchologry,  XV,  pp.  184-186,  the  subgenus  Gonglyostoma  of 
TJrocoptis  was  divided  into  several  named  sections  and  a  number 
of  defined  but  unnamed  groups  subordinated  to  the  section 
Gongylostoma.  As  these  groups  appear  to  be  natural  divisions 
and  now  contain  many  species,  it  appears  advisable  to  have  new 
sectional  names  for  them,  as  follows.  Definitions  were  given  in 
M.  C,  vol.  XV.  These  names  have  been  in  use  in  our  collection 
for  some  years. 

Scopulospica  for  the  Group  of  TJ.  iorquaia  (Man.  Conch.,  XV, 
p.  185).     Type  Urocoptis  iorquaia. 

Badiofaux  for  the  Group  of  TJ.  irilamellaia  (p.  185).  Type 
U.  irilamellaia  (Pfr.). 

Poecilocoptis  for  the  Group  of  U.  coerulans  (p.  185).  Type 
U.  coerulans  (Poey). 

Steatocoptis  for  the  Group  of  TJ.  veniricosa  (p.  185).  Type 
U.  veniricosa  ('Gdl'.  Pfr.). 

Nesocoptis  for  the  Group  of  TJ.  prui7iosa  (p.  185).  Type  TJ. 
pruinosa  (Morel.). 

Gongylosiomella  for  the  Group  of  TJ.  wrighti  (p.  186).  Type 
TJ.  wrighii  (Pfr.). 

Pleurosiemma  for  the  group  of  TJ.  geminaia  (p.  165,  section 
II).     Type  TJ.  geminaia  (Pfr.). 

H.  A.    PiLSBRY. 


THE  ELEVENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 
AMERICAN  MALACOLOGICAL  UNION 

By  IMOGENE  C.  ROBERTSON,  Financial  Secretary 

Tlie  American  Malacological  Union  hcUl  its  clevciilli  annual 
meeting  in  Tliomaston  and  Rockland.  Maine,  from  Tuesday  to 
Friday,  August  26  to  29,  1941,  with  headquarters  at  Crescent 
Beach  Inn,  Owl's  Head.  The  convention  was  formally  opened 
Tuesday  afternoon  by  Dr.  Ilarald  A.  Kehder,  President  of  the 
Union,  who  introduced  Norman  W.  Lermond,  Director  of  Knox 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  of  the  Knox  Arboretum. 
Thomaston.  Mr.  Lermond  welcomed  the  visitors  to  Maine  with 
its  opportunities  for  rich  molluscan  collecting. 


0(t(U)er.  1941]  the  nautilus  71 

Koadiiij;  of  papers  followed,  the  first  being  by  Dr.  Paul  Bartsch 
on  "The  Profiress  of  Studies  on  West  Indian  Cyelophoridae"  by 
Drs.  Carlos  de  la  Torre,  Paul  Bartseh,  and  J.  P.  E.  Morrison. 
"Land  and  Freshwater  Shells  Collected  in  South  America  in 
1938  and  1939."  by  Walter  J.  Eyerdam,  was  read  by  William  J. 
Clench,  and  Dr.  Olof  0.  Nylander  presented  three  short  papers 
entitled  "Mollusks  at  Low  Tide  in  Eastport,"  ''Lymnaea  stag- 
nalis  in  Houlton,  Maine,"  and  "Lymnaea  stagnalis  in  Chaleur 
Bay,  Quebec." 

Mrs.  Frank  R.  Schwengel  was  hostess  to  the  group  at  a  buffet 
dinner  at  six  o'clock,  and  in  the  evening  there  was  a  showing  of 
natural  color  photographs  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  K.  Hadley. 

On  Wednesday  morning  the  meeting  was  opened  by  Dr. 
Rehder,  and  Dr.  Fritz  Haas  presented  "Some  Life  Habits  of 
West  Coast  Marine  Bivalves."  Mrs.  Schwengel  followed  with  an 
account  of  a  Floridian  species  of  Lohiger,  a  genus  new  to  the 
United  States  (printed  in  this  number). 

The  rest  of  the  day  was  devoted  to  the  Symposium  on  "Meth- 
ods of  Collecting  and  Preserving  MoUusca. "  Dr.  B.  R.  Bales  is 
Chairman  of  the  Symposium  Committee  and  had  arranged  the 
program  although  he  himself  was  unable  to  be  present.  The 
papers  were,  "Freshwater  Gastropods,"  by  Frank  Collins  Baker, 
"Collecting  Freshwater  Bivalves,"  by  Dr.  Henry  van  der  Schalie, 
"Collecting  Land  Mollusks,"  William  J.  Clench,  "Shore  and 
Shallow  Water  Collecting,"  Dr.  B.  R.  Bales,  read  by  Dr.  Tucker 
Abbott,  "Dredging  for  Everyone,"  by  Tom  Burch,  read  by  Mrs. 
Schwengel ;  this  dealt  with  dredging  in  California  waters,  and 
Mrs.  Schwengel  contributed  notes  on  Florida  dredging.  The  final 
contribution  was  by  Thomas  L.  McGinty,  "Diving  as  Applied  to 
Shell  Collecting,"  and  was  read  by  Harold  R.  Robertson.  The.se 
papers  were  considered  of  such  value  to  the  membership  and 
shell  collectors  generally  that  it  was  decided  to  print  them  as  a 
special  publication  by  the  Union. 

The  annual  banquet  was  held  in  the  Inn  at  eight  o'clock.  Place 
cards  made  by  Mrs.  Edna  G.  Gordon  of  St.  Petersburg  and  fea- 
turing an  abundant  Maine  moUusk,  Littorina  litorea,  were  pro- 
vided by  Mr.  Lermond  and  added  much  to  the  attractiveness  of 
the  long  tables.  Sixty-two  partook  of  the  delicious  shore  dinner 
served  on  this  occasion. 


72  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (2) 

Following  the  banquet  the  annual  election  of  officers  was  held 
resulting:  as  follows:  President,  Frank  Collins  Baker;  Vice- 
President,  Louise  M.  Perr}';  Corresponding  Secretary,  Norman 
W.  Lermond;  Financial  Secretary,  Imogene  C.  Robertson. 

Adjourning  to  the  Inn  auditorium,  a  further  program  was 
given,  consisting  of  a  talk  by  Dr.  Merrill  Moore  on  "The  Study 
and  Collecting  of  Shells  as  a  Form  of  Occupational  Therapy," 
and  a  showing  of  natural  color  photographs  by  Harry  B.  Archer 
in  which  members  attending  the  Toronto  meeting  in  1939  had  an 
opportunity  to  see  themselves  "as  others  see  us"  as  well  as  a 
rare  treat  in  the  numerous  examples  of  exquisite  coloring  in 
Florida  shells. 

Thursday  was  made  memorable  by  a  boat  trip  to  High  and 
Andrews  Islands  for  collecting.  On  Andrews  Island  a  shore 
dinner  "in  the  rough"  was  served  with  all  the  lobsters  one  could 
eat.  In  the  evening  the  concluding  program  of  papers  gave 
"Hawaiian  Winter,"  by  William  J.  Clench,  "Nudibranchs  and 
Nematocysts, "  by  Henry  D.  Russell,  and  "The  Poison  of  Cephalo- 
pods,"  by  Richard  W.  Foster.  After  this  a  clambake  on  the  shore 
with  roast  corn  and  frankfurters.  This  entertainment  was  only 
one  of  the  many  acts  of  kindness  and  courtesy  which  the  visitors 
at  Crescent  Beach  Inn  were  constantly  receiving  from  the  pro- 
prietor, Mr.  George  D.  Sleeper,  and  his  cheerful  and  obliging 
staff,  all  of  which  were  deeply  appreciated. 

On  Friday  morning  came  the  regretful  farewell  to  Crescent 
Beach  Inn  and  our  host,  and  a  visit  was  made  to  the  Knox  Arbo- 
retum where  Mr.  Lermond  welcomed  the  members  and  distributed 
souvenirs  in  the  shape  of  more  place  cards,  this  time  featuring 
anotlier  Maine  native,  Thais  la2Jillus.  The  Knox  Museum  is  an 
attractive  building  standing  in  the  midst  of  an  evergreen  woods 
and  housing  a  hirge  collection  of  local  and  foreign  shells  in  addi- 
tion to  numerous  specimens  of  the  flora  and  fauna  of  Maine.  It 
was  a  privilege  to  inspect  this  museum,  and  its  Director  is  to 
be  congratulated  on  gathering  together  so  many  objects  of  inter- 
est and  natural  beauty.    The  series  of  Sjwndylus  is  unusually  fine. 

Here  the  convention  was  formally  disbanded  by  the  new  Presi- 
dent, Frank  Collins  Baker,  and  leave  was  taken  of  Mr.  Lermond, 
to  meet  next  y<'ar  in  Washington.  D.  C,  if  conditions  permit. 


UK  NArTIM'S:  55  (3) 


PLATE  (i 


1   .,„<.l..-..u..l  vilvr        Fill.  :i.  v..un-   m..-lr.Mn..l   s|..Miinri>.       M-.    1.  sun.. 
XKI.  xliowint;  1\v«.  .•.•nlr.il  ii.Mliilr>. 


The  Nautilus 

Vol.  55  January.  1942  No.  3 


A  REMARKABLE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PSEUDO- 
SCULPTURE  ON  A  BIVALVE 

By  WILLIAM  J.  CLENCH 

Through  the  kindness  of  ]\Ir.  D.  Thaanum  of  Honolulu,  I  have 
been  privileged  to  study  and  report  upon  a  very  remarkable  bi- 
valve, Samarangia  quadrangularis  Adams  &  Reeve  (Veneridae), 
dredged  by  Dr.  Thaanum  and  D.  B.  Langford  off  the  Loo  Choo 
Islands,  Japan. 

This  species  is  encased  by  agglutinated  shell  sand  which  com- 
pletely covers  the  entire  outer  surface  of  the  shell,  formed  as  well 
into  a  very  definite  sculptural  arrangement.  This  agglutination 
not  only  covers  the  shell  with  a  thick  layer  of  cemented  particles, 
but,  in  addition,  produces  radial  sculpture  of  high  nodules  that 
are  strikingly  similar  to  those  occurring  on  many  species  in  the 
Pectenidae,  Unionidae  and  other  strongly  sculptured  laraelli- 
branchs. 

The  posterior  portion  of  the  disk  supports  the  strongest  devel- 
opment of  the  radial  ridges  of  nodules,  and  these  extend  beyond 
the  margin  of  the  valve  but  are  even  with  the  valves  when  the 
shell  is  closed.  Under  a  low  power  magnification  (10  x),  the 
minute  sand  grains  appear  to  be  concentrically  arranged,  and  are 
shingled  or  slightly  overlapping  (pi.  6,  fig.  4). 

Mr.  Thaanum  cleaned  off  the  cemented  sand  grains  on  one 
valve  of  the  larger  specimen  (pi.  6,  fig.  1).  The  cleaned  surface 
is  shining  with  a  minute  and  normal  sculpture  of  very  fine  con- 
centric growth  lines.  The  opposite  valve  remained  as  originally 
found  (pi.  6,  fig.  2). 

The  smaller  specimen  (pi.  6,  fig.  3)  was  dredged  in  15  fathoms 
off  Kowan,  the  larger  specimen  in  40-50  fathoms  off  Itoman ;  both 
localities  are  on  Okinawa  Island,  Loo  Choo  Islands,  Japan. 

Measurements  (including  the  pseudosculpture) 
Height  43     Length  61     Width  30  mm.     (M.C.Z.  no.  141603) 
16  "        21         "       11     "        (Thaanum  collection) 

(73) 


74  the  nautilus  [vol.  55  (3) 

References 

Venus  quadrangidaris  Adams  &  Reeve  1850,  Voyage  of  H.M.S. 
Samarang,  Zoology,  London,  p.  79,  pi.  24,  fig.  7  (Corean  Archi- 
pelago) ;  L.  Reeve  1864,  Coneh.  Icon.  14,  Venus,  species  129. 

Samarangia  Dall  1902  [section  under  Venus]  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  26,  p.  361,  type,  Venus  quadrangularis ;  Thiele  1934,  Handb. 
Syst.  Weichtierkunde,  3,  p.  885  [as  a  genus]. 

J.  E.  Gray  (Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (2)  4,  p.  296,  1849)  men- 
tions the  development  of  siliceous  spicula  superimposed  erectly 
upon  the  normal  periostracum  of  the  shell  in  the  genus  Trigona 
[=  Tivela]  which  forms  a  plush-like  surface.  He  believed  that 
these  spicula  were  produced  by  the  mollusk  and  not  those  pro- 
duced by  a  commensal  sponge,  a  belief  held  by  certain  of  his 
colleagues.  However,  regardless  of  these  two  opposed  views,  our 
present  case  is  still  different  inasmuch  as  the  production  of  the 
pseudosculpture  is  the  employment  of  a  foreign  substance  by  the 
mollusk  itself  and  not,  as  in  Gray's  view,  a  production  of  the 
mollusk  or,  the  view  held  by  his  colleagues,  the  production  of  a 
substance  by  a  commensal  organism  upon  the  outer  surface  of 
the  shell. 

It  would  appear  that  the  original  specimen  described  by  Adams 
and  Reeve  was  devoid  of  this  sculpture  as  no  mention  is  made 
of  it.  The  specimen  obtained  was  either  dead  or  perhaps  sub- 
sequently cleaned  before  Adams  and  Reeve  saw  it. 

Certain  land  snails,  especially  in  the  Sagdidae  (Thysanophora) , 
cement  foreign  particles  to  the  outer  surface  of  the  shell,  possibly 
to  offer  protection  by  modifying  the  contour  of  the  shell  outline. 
Also,  in  the  case  of  Xcnophora,  among  the  marine  snails,  the 
cementing  of  other  shells,  small  stones  and  even  coal  and  cinders, 
is  very  well  known. 

It  is  rather  interesting,  however,  to  note  that  this  present  con- 
dition is  to  be  found  in  a  family  perhaps  most  outstanding  among 
the  marine  bivalves  for  their  elaborate  sculptural  development; 
that  the  mantle,  so  adopt  in  producing  many  shell  structures  on 
the  outer  surface,  is  also  capable  of  building  a  pseudosculpture 
composed  of  a  foreign  material. 


.laniKiry,    i;)42]  TiiK  NAiTiLus  75 

A  PSYCHIATRIST'S   NOTE  ON   SHELLS 

By   MKHKILL  MOOHK,  M.D. 
Director,  Washingtonian  Hospital,  Boston,  Mass. 

The  collection  and  study  of  shells  is  a  valuable  form  of  occupa- 
tional therapy  and,  properly  introduced,  can  be  a  helpful  adjunct 
to  some  forms  of  psychotherapy.  Shells  should  be  more  widely 
utilized  in  these  fields  for  the  pleasure  and  interest  they  afford. 

I  believe  that  shells  should  be  much  more  widely  collected  and 
studied  by  people,  and  that  conchology  should  be  more  broadly 
and  more  generally  applied  on  account  of  the  psychological  and 
social  values  inherent  in  its  application.  For  example,  I  have 
found  that  certain  tired,  nervous  and  discouraged  patients  can 
find  relaxation,  recreation  and  enjoyment  in  collecting  and  study- 
ing shells.  Some  invalids  and  sick  people  who  might  otherwise 
be  bored  or  irritable  find  considerable  satisfaction  and  delight 
in  conchology,  once  they  are  introduced  to  that  subject  and  are 
helped  and  guided  in  developing  their  interest  in  it.  Every  sick 
child  should  be  offered  a  box  of  shells  to  play  with  and  should 
be  given  some  instruction  or  a  simple  book  to  explain  them. 
Shells  are  good  for  the  mind,  for  * 'nerves."  Buonanni  was 
aware  of  this  in  1681  when  he  published  his  book,  "The  Recrea- 
tion of  the  Eyes  and  of  the  Mind  through  the  Observation  of 
Shells."^  The  ideas  he  expressed  are  basic  to  all  scientific  pur- 
suits and  are  as  valuable  now  as  they  were  then,  or  more  so,  and 
certainly  now  they  are  more  needed,  and  more  applicable,  than 
ever  before,  especially  in  a  complex  and  competitive  society. 

The  relations  between  science  and  society  are  extremely  impor- 
tant. This  fact  should  always  be  remembered  when  we  think  of 
the  science  of  conchology — for  we  are  too  much  inclined  just  to 
consider  conchology  as  a  science  apart,  to  think  of  it  in  terms  of 
itself,  by  itself  and  alone,  and  this  is  not  really  constructive. 

There  is  no  such  thing  as  a  pure  science,  pursuing  its  ideal 


^  " Bicrcadone  dcW  Occhio  c  dclla  Mcnte  ncll '  Osscrvation'  dclle  Chioc- 
ciole"  Proposta  a'  Curiosi  delle  Opere  della  Natura  dal  P.  Filippo  Buonanni 
della  Compagnia  di  Giesu  Con  quattrocento,  e  cinquanta  figure  di  Tcstacei 
diversi,  sopra  cui  si  spicgano  molti  curiosi  Problcmi  In  Roma,  per  il  Varcse, 
MDCLXXXI  con  licenza  de'  Supcriori. 


76  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

course  in  a  social  vacuum.  Shells  exist  certainly,  but  so  do 
people  and  without  people  shells  would  be  lying  on  the  bottom 
of  the  sea — or  in  the  stomach  of  an  otter  or  a  codfish,  or  would 
be  ground  to  nothing  on  a  beach  unseen.  It  is  the  social  or  human 
interest  in  shells  that  has  made  conchology  what  it  is  today — 
man's  curiosity  applied — and  this  interest  should  always  be  kept 
actively  alive  (if  conchology  is  to  become  a  socially  useful  science 
in  the  fullest  sense)  by  means  of  exhibits,  museums,  by  teaching 
and  lectures,  and  by  the  giving  of  shells  to  children  and  to  others 
who  might  be  interested  in  them — sick  people,  for  example,  or 
persons  who  are  bored  and  need  a  hobby  or  special  interest  that 
affords  opportunities  for  scientific  development  and  social  relaxa- 
tion. 

There  is  really  no  sharp  or  essential  distinction  between  pure 
and  applied  science,  although  these  terms  still  have  a  useful  prac- 
tical application  and  are  convenient  for  us  to  use  conversationally 
or  as  pegs  or  handles  to  help  us  deal  with  our  thoughts. 

The  cruder  forms  of  the  doctrine  of  economic  determinism 
should  not  apply  to  the  science  of  conchology  any  more  than 
they  do  to  other  human  activities,  or  less,  if  anything,  for  shells 
are  easy  to  find  and,  generality  speaking,  are  cheap  compared 
with  other  kinds  of  the  world's  goods.  I  know  of  no  greater 
"value"  than  one  gets  in  a  25-cent  shell.  It  could  not  be  repro- 
duced for  that  sum.  Beaches  are  accessible  for  millions  of  per- 
sons and  the  haunts  of  the  land  snails  are  accessible  to  all  who 
will  walk  outdoors.  As  to  shell  dealers — "I  often  wonder  what 
the  vintners  (shell  dealers)  buy,  one  half  so  precious  as  the  wares 
they  sell."  Where  can  you  got  anything,  or  what  can  you  get  to 
compare  with  the  beauty  and  wonder-making  quality  of  a  shell? 

Just  as  science  in  general  is  a  social  i'uiu'tion,  so  should  the 
science  of  conchology  in  particular  be  a  social  function  even 
though  it  also  has  its  own  momentum  and  is  an  activity  which 
can  be  pursued  for  its  own  sake. 

Conchology,  in  its  own  way,  sets  forth  some  of  the  essential 
facts  about  biology.  Conchologists  have  an  opportunity  to  de- 
velop our  knowledge  of  certain  basic  facts  and  ideas  in  their 
relation  to  social  life,  and  in  the  hands  of  the  more  inspired  and 
dvnamic  leaders  in  conchologv  this  has  been  done  and  it  can  be 


il 


latiuarv. 


19421  THE   NAUTILUS  77 


done  a^aiii  in  a  pithy  and  illuminating'  manner.  Witness  the 
rich  and  choice  diversion  and  instruction  the  literature  on  conch- 
olojry  can  ofTor  one  who  is  willing  to  take  the  time  to  read  it. 
Pilsbry's  writinprs,  for  example,  or  Bartsch's  papers,  or  those  of 
Tryon  or  Sowerby,  or  any  number  that  could  bo  named  offer  us 
more  than  any  one  nuiu  can  take  in  in  his  lifetime.  We  should 
be  grateful  to  these  men  for  pointing:  out  to  us  what  they  have 
observed  and  for  what  they  have  sujrjiested  to  us  by  their  observa- 
tions and  reports.  All  these  bear  a  direct  relationship  to  general 
science  and  human  activity  as  well,  and  many  of  the  points  they 
make  and  the  inferences  they  draw  are  applicable  to  us  in  terms 
of  our  own  life.  Biolog}'  has  much  to  say  in  explanation  of 
human  activity.  Biology  supports  philosophy  and  psychology 
in  the  efforts  of  these  branches  of  knowledge  to  explain  human 
behavior.  Man  is  such  a  peculiar  organism  that  his  behavior 
needs  a  special  set  of  categories  for  its  description  over  and  above 
those  of  biology,  but  we  can  begin  with  biology  and  profit  by  so 
doing.  Of  course  we  realize  at  the  beginning  the  limitations  of 
biological  explanations  for  human  activity.  But,  nonetheless, 
biological  categories  are  basic  for  human  affairs  and  it  is  useful 
to  have  them  so  clearly  set  forth  as  conchology  can  begin  to  set 
them  forth.  I  know  of  no  point  where  a  scientific  education  can 
better  begin  than  by  an  introduction  to  conchology.  Science  and 
sanity,  science  and  mental  health  are  deeply  related.  Conchol- 
ogy should  be  more  widel}'  introduced  and  more  widely  utilized 
in  teaching  and  recreation  and  in  therapy.  I  hope  a  day  may 
come  when  the  educational  system  of  this  country  has  been  revised 
to  take  conchology  more  actively  into  consideration.  Conchology 
should  be  a  more  important  part  of  the  educational  programs  of 
secondary  schools.  Science  courses  and  nature  projects  in  high 
schools  and  colleges  should  be  altered  to  include  conchology  as  a 
basic  unit  of  practical  study.  Conchology  is  a  branch  of  the  tree 
of  knowledge  that  is  strong  and  beautiful  enough  to  attract  and 
hold  the  interest  of  the  student.  Any  parent,  or  teacher,  or  phy- 
sician who  has  wit  and  intelligence  enough  to  try  this  out  for  him- 
self will  find  that  the  bough  is  still  golden,  and  every  conchologist 
is  fullv  aware  of  that  fact. 


78  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  MITRA  FLORIDA  GOULD 

By  ted  BAYER 

The  University  of  Miami,  Florida 

Mitra  florida  has  been  the  source  of  no  little  confusion  to  con- 
chologists  since  its  description  in  1856  by  Augustus  A.  Gould,  in- 
asmuch as  the  soft  parts  have  heretofore  not  been  obtained.  The 
specimen  found  by  A.  H.  Patterson  mentioned  by  the  author  in 
the  last  Nautilus  (55:  2,  page  45)  contained  remnants  of  the 
animal  too  badl}'  decomposed  to  be  of  use.  Verj'  recently,  how- 
ever, a  living  specimen,  believed  to  be  the  first  recorded,  was 
dredged  from  80  feet  of  water  o  '  Fisher  Island,  Dade  County, 
Florida.  It  was  collected  November  8  y  Mr.  and  Mrs.  John 
Wentworth,  to  whom  the  author  is  much  indebted  for  the  privi- 
lege of  examining  the  soft  parts.  The  specimen  was  examined  in 
the  Zoology  Laboratory  of  the  University  of  Miami.  Thanks  are 
also  due  to  Dr.  F,  6.  Walton  Smith  of  the  Department  of  Zoology. 

The  shell  of  the  living  specimen,  49  mm.  in  length,  conforms  in 
all  respects  to  the  previous  descriptions  of  the  species.  The  shell 
is  decidedly  volutid  in  appearance,  so  much  so  that  Dr.  Gould 
referred  to  it  as  Scaphella.^  Tryon  said  of  it:  "Its  characters 
are  intermediate  between  Mitra  and  Voluta.  My  figure  is  from 
Gould's  type,  and  I  can  add  nothing  to  the  above  meager  infor- 
mation concerning  this  curious  form."-  Tryon  also  described 
and  illustrated^  Mitra  fergusoui  Sowerby,  which  appears  to  be 
nothing  more  than  a  worn  specimen  of  Mitra  florida.  For  the 
convenience  of  those  to  whom  it  is  not  readily  available,  I  here 
quote  A.  A.  Gould's  description  of  this  mollusk: 

Mitra  (Scaphclla)  Florida.  T.  ovato-fusiformis,  solidula, 
albida,  ferruginoo  nubeculata  et  lineis  nunierosis  fuscis  interrup- 
tis  intcrduin  alljo  articnlatis  cincta,  (|noad  rostrum  ]ilieata  et 
oblicjue  lirata  ;  anfractibus  7  i  ultimo  spiram  tor  exccdente,  antice 
angustato:  apertura  angusta,  jiostico  acuta;  labro  acuto;  colum- 
ella sexplicata,  plica  postrema  proximam  bis  superante;  intus 
alba/ 


'  A.  A.  Gould,  Otia  Conchologica,  page  221. 

2  Tryon,  G.  W.,  Manual  of  Conchology,  iv,  page  116,  plate  34,  fig.  35. 

3  Ibid.,  plate  34,  fig.  32. 

*  A.  A.  Gould,  Otia  Concholnrjira,  page  221. 


TllK  \.\l    riLi  S:  :,.-,  ^;{ 


I'LATK   7 


aaAAA/VAAaaJ^  KaaA  Vw\MAA/Vvw- 


<^'\^\Hf^hJ-i^^f\ 


^i0      %t^^^^^^,i^i^fM^^ 


January.  1942]  the  nautilus  79 

The  diffii'ultics  arisinj;  as  a  result  of  the  sliell  characters  may 
be  readily  appreciated.  A  typical  volute  is  solid,  ovate  to  fusi- 
form, with  a  moderately  produced  spire  and  a  larj,'e  papillary 
nucleus.  Its  columella  is  plicate,  the  outer  lip  reinforced  but 
remaininf?  sharp.  The  shoulder  may  be  smooth,  annulate,  nodose, 
or  spinose.  Tyjiical  dentition  consists  of  a  sinjzle  multicuspid 
rachidian,  with  a  p:eneral  formula  0:1:0.     See  fij^'ure  1. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  typical  Mitra  is  heavy,  thick  and  fusiform, 
with  a  produced  spire  and  small  non-papillary  nucleus.  The 
aperture  is  narrow,  the  outer  lip  sharp ;  columella  plicate,  larjjest 
plication  posteriorly  located.^  Typical  Mitra  dentition  has  the 
general  formula  1:1:1,  with  the  teeth  multicuspid.  See  PI.  7,  f. 
2  and  3.  A  transitional  stage  appears  in  Voluiomitra,  which  is 
retained  in  the  Mitridae  by  some  authors,  Volutidae  by  others. 

The  radula  of  the  specimen  under  examination  shows  the  multi- 
cuspid 1:1:1  formula.     This  is  typical  of  Mitra.     See  fig.  3. 

The  animal,  when  the  drawing  (Plate  7,  fig.  5)  was  made  two 
days  after  its  capture,  was  very  timid,  and  crawled  about  little. 
However,  Mrs.  "Wentworth  said  that  it  had  previously  been  very 
active,  especially  after  fresh  sea-water  was  added.  The  head  is 
small,  the  tentacles  short  and  slender,  bearing  small  black  eyes  a 
short  distance  out  from  their  bases.  The  body  is  milky  white,  with 
blotches  and  cloudings  of  rich  browTi  irregularly  scattered  here 
and  there  over  its  sides.  The  tentacles,  head,  proboscis  and 
siphon  are  white  with  very  pale  cloudings  of  brown.  The  sole 
of  the  foot  is  finely  spotted  with  brown  in  a  pattern  similar  to 
that  on  the  shell. 

Mr.  Patterson's  specimen,  illustrated  on  Plate  7,  fig.  4,  was 
recorded  from  wreckage  raised  from  ten  fathoms  off  the  south 
end  of  Carysfort  Reef.  It  is  the  largest  specimen  that  has  come 
to  the  author's  attention,  but  it  has  unfortunately  lost  part  of 
the  protoconch.''  Dall  reports  the  species  as  taken  by  a  collector 
of  the  United  States  National  Museum  on  the  Swan  Islands  in 
the  Caribbean  between  Cuba  and  Honduras,"  and  as  Mitra  fer- 
gusoni  it  has  been  recorded  from  Panama.     It  has  also  been  col- 


5  G.  W.  Tryon,  Jr.,  Manual  of  Conchology,  iv,  page  106. 

«  Ted  Bayer,  Notes  on  Florida  Mollusca  in  N.\UTILUS  55 :  2,  page  45. 

^  W.  H.  Dall,  Letter  in  the  Conchologists'  Exchange  2:   1,  page  9. 


80  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

lected  from  the  Dry  Tortugas.  Henderson  reported  it  from  Lone 
Key,  near  Key  West,®  and  Patterson  records  it  from  Carysfort 
Reef.  The  rangfe,  then,  of  Mitra  ftorida  seems  to  be  from  Miami, 
Florida,  to  Panama,  if  the  record  for  Mitra  fergusoni  is  not 
erroneous. 

The  characters  of  the  newly  examined  radula  thus  place  this 
lovely  species  without  doubt  in  the  genus  Mitra,  and  the  uncer- 
tainty as  to  its  position  is  finallj'  removed. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  FEEDING  OF  AEOLIDIA 
PAPILLOSA  L.,  WITH  NOTES  ON  THE  HATCH- 
ING OF  THE  VELIGERS  OF  CUTHONA 
AMOENA  A.  &  H. 

By  henry  D.  RUSSELL 

At  10:  35  A.M.  on  December  9,  1937,  a  sea  anemone  {Metridium 
marginatum  Oken)  ^  in.  in  diameter  was  placed  in  a  finrrer  bowl 
with  an  Aeolidia  papillosa  L.  1^  in.  long.  Twice  at  this  time  the 
oral  tentacles  of  the  nudibranch  touched  the  column  of  the 
anemone.  Then  with  cerata  characteristically  bristling  when 
initiating  an  attack,  the  mollusk  opened  the  mouth,  swelled  the 
lips  and  completely  enveloped  the  anemone.  The  prey  was 
alternately  drawn  into  and  slightly  extruded  from  the  mouth. 
Each  time  it  was  drawn  in,  it  was  extruded  less  and  less  until 
after  22  minutes  it  was  only  visible  as  a  dark  mass  within  the 
mouth  of  the  nudibranch.  One  minute  later  a  small  part  of  the 
prey  appeared  as  continuous  tissue.  After  six  more  minutes  a 
brown  fluid,  presumably  the  macerated  parts  of  the  anemone 
appeared  for  a  moment  and  were  then  quickly  sucked  back  into 
the  montli.  During  the  process  of  feeding  the  lips  remained  in 
a  bloated  condition  and  only  returned  to  their  normal  size  at 
11 :  06  A.M.  when  the  animal  started  crawling  about  the  dish  with 
no  sign  of  the  anemone  in  its  mouth.  During  the  attack,  a  few 
nematocyst«  bearing  acontia  were  thrown  out  by  the  anemone, 
but  these  were  sucked  into  the  mouth  of  the  nudibranch.      No 


8  J.  B.  Henderson,  Jr.,  Extracts  from  log  of  the  Eolis,  Nautilus  25:   6, 
page  71. 


January.  1042]  the  nautilus  81 

neniatocysts  wore  observed  to  explode.  The  total  time  of  feeding 
was  ;51  minutes. 

In  the  case  of  nudibranchs  feeding  upon  larger  Metridium  the 
author  has  observed  that  tlie  base  of  the  anemone  is  attacked  first. 
A  great  (juantity  of  mucous  is  extruded  about  the  fore  parts  of 
the  molhisk  and  in  it  are  caught  man}^  of  the  acontia  of  the 
anemone.  The  author  has  never  noted  that  the  neniatocysts  of 
acontia  thus  caught  were  exploded.  Eventually  many  of  these 
and  much  of  the  mucous  is  eaten  by  the  mollusk  along  with  parts 
or  all  of  the  anemone  itself. 

The  rate,  amount  eaten  and  length  of  time  involved,  will  prove 
of  interest  here  and  experiments  concerned  with  this  are  cited 
below.  Both  the  nudibranch  and  the  anemone  were  dried  with 
paper  towels  before  and  after  the  feeding  to  rid  them  of  excess 
water  and  weighed  at  the  same  time. 

An  Acolidia  papillosa  1^  x  ^  in.  weighing  1.88  grams  ate  .68 
grams  of  a  sea  anemone  {Metridium  marginatum)  weighing  4.02 
grams  in  10  hours. 

Another  A.  papillosa  IJ  x  i  inches  weighing  2.03  grams  ate  .40 
grams  of  a  M.  marginatum  weighing  .50  grams  in  lOf  hours. 

It  appears  from  these  results  that  there  is  a  considerable  dif- 
ference in  the  rate  of  feeding  and  of  the  amount  eaten  among 
animals  of  almost  the  same  size. 

Hatching  of  the  Veligers  of  Cuthona  amocna  Ald.  «&,  Hanc. 
On  December  14, 1937,  while  the  author  was  observing  an  qqq  cap- 
sule of  Cuthona  amoena  that  was  attached  to  the  main  stalk  of 
the  hydroid  Ohclia  commissuralis  McCrady,  the  veligers  con- 
tained in  the  capsule  started  to  break  out  as  noted  below.  The 
temperature  of  the  surrounding  sea  water  was  45°  F.  One 
veliger  continually  worked  the  cilia  of  the  labial  palps  against 
the  gelatinous  wall  of  the  capsule  in  one  place  while  the  others 
swam  about  within  the  capsule.  Suddenly  the  wall  yielded  to 
the  scratching  action  of  the  cilia  and  as  if  under  the  influence  of 
pressure  from  within  the  capsule  the  veliger  was  forced  into  the 
hole  with  its  anterior  end  slightly  protruding  into  the  surround- 
ing sea  water.  Several  times  it  contracted  into  its  shell  only  to 
emerge  again  and  furiously  beat  the  cilia.  During  this  perform- 
ance the  other  veligers  were  swimming  about  and  occasionally 


82  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

colliding  with  the  one  that  had  broken  through  the  capsular  wall. 
Each  collision  forced  it  out  a  little  farther  into  the  sea  water 
until  after  three  or  four  such  contacts  it  burst  out  of  the  capsule 
and  swam  about  freely.  The  veliger  was  literally  hurled  from 
the  capsule  as  if  forced  out  by  some  internal  pressure.  As  soon 
as  the  first  one  left,  a  second  took  its  place  in  the  opening  and 
was  blown  or  forced  out  into  the  surrounding  sea  water.  The 
internal  pressure  within  the  capsule  seemed  to  grow  weaker  as 
each  veliger  left  the  capsule  until  finally  only  one  remained 
swimming  about  inside.  No  substance  was  observed  to  be  ex- 
truded from  the  capsule  with  the  veligers.  It  is  entirely  possible 
that  osmotic  pressure  increases  within  the  capsule  as  the  veligers 
develop  and  that  this  is  the  force  that  propels  them  through  the 
opening  in  the  capsular  wall  and  into  the  surrounding  sea  water. 


THE  AMERICAN  SPECIES   OF   VIVIPARUS 
By  CALVIN  GOODRICH 

Mr.  T.  Van  Hyning  of  the  Florida  State  iMuseum  has  recently 
submitted  an  accumulation  of  Floridian  Viviparus  for  compari- 
son with  examples  of  the  genus  in  the  Bryant  Walker  Collection. 
It  w^as  made  clear  very  quickly  that  a  good  deal  of  basic  informa- 
tion had  first  to  be  acquired.  So  all  the  available  material  hav- 
ing its  source  within  the  United  States  was  examined,  shell  by 
shell.  The  literature  on  the  subject  was  read.  The  geographical 
distribution  of  the  several  species  was  brought  into  such  order  as 
was  possible.  Since  the  study  developed  facts  which  appear  not 
to  have  been  published,  or  if  so  in  scattered  form  and  perfunctor- 
ily, I  am  venturing  to  set  forth  the  findings. 

The  genus  Vivipan(s  illustrates  what  may  he  a  natural  law 
governing  molluscan  nomenelatui-c.  namely,  that  the  more  simple 
the  shells  of  a  group  may  be.  the  fewer  aiul  the  least  definite  its 
characters  and  the  more  ditfieult  to  describe  lucidly,  then  the 
heavier  burden  of  specific  names  the  group  is  compelled  to  carry. 
In  this  matter,  Virifxirus  lags  a  great  way  beliind  Pleuroceridae 
or  perhaps  the  French  Anodontinae.  but  it  is  ])robably  abreast  of 
some  of  the  genera  of  Zonitidae  and  even  with  the  currently 
expanding  Ccrlon.      Kceve  recognized  about   seventy  species  of 


.laiiuary.  1942 1  tiik  NArriLrs  83 

Paludina  wliitli  in  liis  day  was  an  Island  of  Crete  on  which  species 
panu'lnited  in  flocks.  It  included  Viviparus,  Caynpdomn,  Tnln- 
toma,  Lioplax  and  other  jrenera  that  now  are  differentiated  one 
from  another.  Kobelt  undertook  to  treat  of  Viviparus  alone,  but 
left  the  American  forms  under  Paludina.  Notwithstandinp:  limi- 
tations he  established,  his  species  and  subspecies  of  Viviparus 
ran  to  259.  On  the  assumption  that  anything  geologically  old 
must  be  extinct,  American  paleontology  has  devised  about  thirty 
names,  permitting  only  V.  georgianus  of  the  Florida  Pliocene  to 
survive  into  recent  times.  There  have  been  additions  since 
Kobelt,  some  cleaving  and  splitting,  but  hardly  any  recognition 
of  the  truth  that  Viviparus,  like  mo.st  fresh  water  mollusks,  is 
inconstant  of  shape  and  pigmentation. 

Generic  characters,  the  same  as  specific  characters,  are  variable. 
Embryo  shells  of  western  forms  that  have  been  seen  are  thin, 
whitish,  transparent,  but  in  specimens  of  a  Florida  form  that 
Van  Hyning  sent  which  contained  the  animal  parts  the  embryos 
ranged  in  color  from  j'ellowish  white  just  after  development 
from  the  egg  to  dark  brown  when  the  shell  is  ready  for  discharge. 
The  young  shell  is  so  much  broader  than  high  that  Say  (1829) 
did  not  recognize  it  as  mereh^  a  juvenile  and  gave  that  of  V.  inter- 
tcxtus  the  name  of  Paludina  trajisversa. 

The  embryo  has  from  two  or  three  to  a  dozen  or  more  lines  of 
epidermal  striations,  raised  into  very  fine  hairs.  In  the  un- 
cleaned  lot  of  Van  Hyning  shells  were  numbers  of  adults  which 
retained  the  lirations,  but  as  any  ordinary  brushing  will  remove 
the  bristles  such  examples  are  probably  very  rare  in  collections. 
Binney  (1865)  in  Fig.  54  has  illustrated  a  shell  of  the  kind,  and 
Say  in  his  description  of  intcrtextus  noted  that  his  specimens  had 
"minute,  very  numerous,  obsolete  revolving,  deciduous  lines." 
In  the  instance  of  Reeve's  Paludina  ciliata,  of  Siam,  the  raised 
parts  of  the  lines  are,  as  Reeve  put  it,  "eye-la.shed."  Wetherby 
(1876)  found  that  Tulotoma  coosaensis  had  a  "coating  of  long 
spines  or  hairs,  arranged  in  spiral  rows  around  the  whorls." 
Probably  no  cabinet  specimen  of  coosaensis  still  has  these 
"spines."  So  what  is  not  simply  a  generic  character,  but  also  a 
family  one,  may  be  so  evanescent  as  to  escape  general  attention. 

The  periphery  of  the  embryo  is  rounded,  roundly  angled  or 


84  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

sharply  angled ;  in  V.  viviparns  it  is  said  to  be  carinate.  Possibly 
mechanical  pressure  in  the  marsupium  determines  the  form  of 
the  keel.  As  growth  proceeds,  the  shell  alters  its  configuration 
rapidly  from  broad  and  depressed  to  conic  or  globose.  The  adult 
shell  of  American  Viviparus  is  commonly  short-spired.  It  has  a 
large  body  whorl,  a  correspondingly  large  aperture  and  four 
equidistant  bands  of  pigment,  where  banding  exists,  that  are  occa- 
sionally decreased  or  increased  in  number.  The  whorls  do  not, 
seemingly,  exceed  six  or  six  and  a  half,  although  the  count  in 
some  foreign  species  runs  to  seven.  The  green  ground  color 
usually  mentioned  in  descriptions  fades  in  old  specimens  to  brown 
or  dark  yellow  and,  bleached  by  sun  and  rain  on  lake  beaches, 
this  may  become  almost  white.  The  oldest  individuals  of  a 
Georgia  lot  were  black  as  were  shells  of  about  three  whorls  which 
came  from  the  Santa  Fe  River  of  Florida.  Mr.  Van  Hyning 
directed  my  attention  to  the  fact  that  lake  forms  of  the  southeast 
are  **much  smaller  than  the  ones  from  the  rivers."  Specimens 
of  contectoides  from  two  lakes  of  Indiana  are  of  about  the  same 
size  as  material  from  Indiana  streams.  The  operculum  does  not 
appear  to  vary  as  between  species.  It  is  thin,  concentric,  showing 
many  rests  or  pauses,  the  later  ones  rougher  than  the  earlier  ones. 
Viviparus  contectoides  Binney,  1865.  The  mollusk  is  from  five 
to  six  whorls  in  size,  ordinarily  thin,  deeply  sutured.  The  four 
bands  when  present  are  usually  well  marked,  conspicuous.  The 
uinuiiicai  perforation  is  a  mere  chink  or  is  entirely  covered  over 
by  the  columellar  fold.  Three  embryos  have  an  index  of  obesity 
averaging  107.1,  showing  the  excess  of  diameter  over  altitude  in 
the  very  young.  Four  shells  from  a  lake  of  Putnam  County, 
Illinois,  lacking  about  a  whorl  of  maturity,  have  an  obesity  index 
of  95.2.  Because  of  the  common  erosion  of  apices  in  adults,  com- 
parison or  diameter  with  altitude  in  such  specimens  could  be 
made  only  by  measuring  the  height  of  the  last  three  whorls.  The 
range  of  indexes  of  lliirteen  lots,  measured  in  this  way.  is  from 
85.3  to  89.9.  This  can  scarcely  l)c  lliouglit  a  with^  variation  in 
degree  of  globosity,  but  in  general  appearance  tliere  is  consid(M'- 
able  variation  as  between  colonies  of  different  localities.  It  has 
been  noticeable  at  the  same  lime  that  members  of  a  given  colony 
of  the  genus  are  very  niuch  alike.      In  other  words,  ajiin'oaeh  to 


.lamiiiry,   19421  THE  nautilus  85 

equilibrium  is  reached  in  each  locality,  ami  this  applies  to  form, 
proportions,  pi^Mueiitation  of  epidermis  and  bandin<^. 

Van  Cleave  and  Kii-hey  (1936)  noted  that  the  medians  of  the 
radula  of  this  species  have  commonly  5-1-5  denticles,  with  a 
ranjxe  of  4-6 — 1 — 6—4.  This  is  a  lower  avera<re  denticle  count 
than  was  found  in  other  si^ecies  the  radulae  of  which  were  studied. 

The  distribution  of  contectoides  is  from  New  York  to  West 
P^lorida,  South  Carolina  to  Arkansas  (F.  C.  Baker,  1928).  The 
Biuney  citation  (1865)  from  I\Iichi{?an  may  be  ig:nored. 

Viviparus  contectoides  impolitus  Pilsbry,  1916.  The  shell  is 
described  as  "rouj^rh,  with  irregular  growth  lines,  often  somewhat 
malleated. "  As  these  are  external  characters,  the  mollusk  might, 
simply  on  these  points,  be  dismissed  as  an  ecological  form.  Yet 
it  occurs  in  several  localities  of  an  area  of  North  Alabama  which 
has  a  number  of  molluscan  oddities  and  might  very  well  have 
developed  specialized  anatomical  characteristics  correlated  with 
those  of  the  exterior,  all  through  prolonged  existence  in  springs 
and  spring  branches.  The  ratio  of  diameter  to  altitude  in  mi- 
politus  is  about  the  same  as  in  typical  contectoides.  The  last 
whorl  is  strongly  shouldered  and  in  some  specimens  its  slope  does 
not  form  a  continuous  line  with  the  earlier  whorls. 

Viviparus  contectoides  goodrichi  Archer,  1933.  The  index  of 
obesity  is  from  80.1  to  84.8.  That  is,  it  has  a  greater  average 
altitude  compared  with  diameter  than  contectoides  has.  Of  sev- 
enty specimens,  thirty-seven,  or  52.8  per  cent,  were  wanting  the 
revolving  color  bands.  The  shell  is  the  common  Viviparus  of 
Chipola  River,  western  Florida,  some  of  its  tributaries  and  the 
neighboring  Choctawhatches  River.  Shortly  after  the  subspecies 
was  named,  Mr.  O.  C.  Van  Hyning  sent  me  examples  of  all  the 
mollusca  of  the  type  stream.  It  was  noticeable  that  the  surface 
occupants  were  all  larger  than  was  common  to  their  species 
whereas  the  bottom  inhabitants  were  of  normal  size.  It  seemed 
at  the  time  reasonable  to  conclude  that  the  surface  of  the  stream 
was  carrying  more  food  than  were  lower  waters,  and  that  this 
richness  was  reflected  in  the  greater  growth  of  the  top  dwellei-s. 
Such  a  reaction  has  been  observed  elsewhere.  Hovsrever,  goodrichi 
is  distributed  over  a  fairly  wide  area  and  has  there  retained  its 
peculiarities,  and  short  of  further  study  or  experiment  should  be 
considered  a  distinct  race. 


86  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

Viviparus  contectoides  form  limi  (Pilsbry),  1918,  replacing  V. 
contectoides  compactus  Pilsbry,  1916,  preoccupied.  The  shell  is 
dwarfed,  somewhat  compressed,  imperforate.  It  has  been  taken 
at  widely  separated  localities  in  Georgia  and  Florida.  It  appears 
to  be  an  ecological  form  that  might  turn  up  anywhere  within  the 
area  of  distribution  of  contectoides. 

Viviparus  troostianus  (Lea),  1844.  I  am  following  Call 
(1894)  as  to  the  identity  of  this  species.  In  shape,  this  shell  is 
very  much  like  contectoides,  but  of  about  half  its  size.  Also  like 
it,  it  has  four  clearly  defined  bands.  It  resembles  intertextus  of 
northern  waters  in  being  umbilicated.  It  is  known  to  occur  in 
Stone's  and  Harpeth  rivers  of  the  Cumberland  River  in  Tennes- 
see ;  Spring  Creek,  the  discharge  of  the  big  spring  at  Tuscumbia, 
Colbert  County,  Alabama,  emptying  into  the  Tennessee  River. 
Such  shells  that  have  been  seen  are  uniform  of  configuration, 
umbilication  and  color. 

Viviparus  intertextus  (Say),  1829.  The  nine  embryos  that 
have  been  examined  differ  from  those  of  contectoides  in  being 
more  depressed,  and  this  bears  a  relationship  with  the  adult  form 
of  the  species  which  is  low-spired,  decidedly  globose.  The  full 
measurements  of  one  Louisiana  specimen  is  25.50  mm.  altitude, 
25.50  mm.  diameter,  of  a  Mobile,  Alabama,  example,  26  mm.  by 
26  mm.  Southern  specimens,  measured  as  were  cojitectoides, 
have  an  obesity  index  of  95.3.  The  shells  seen  are  dark,  thin, 
large  of  aperture ;  the  whorls  shouldered.  The  greatest  number 
of  whorls  is  five.  There  are  no  color  bands.  The  umbilicus  is 
closed  in  all  available  for  examination  save  two  or  three  speci- 
mens. This  form  has  been  taken  as  far  north  as  Henry  County, 
Missouri. 

Viviparus  intertextus  illinoisensis  F.  C.  Baker,  1928.  The 
subspecies  was  erected  mainly  upon  its  being  umbilicate  in  the 
majority  of  instances.  All  shells  seen  that  came  from  north  of 
the  Ohio  River  fall  within  tlie  description.  Of  sixteen  specimens 
from  woods  pools  near  Rcclfoot  Lake,  west  Tennessee,  nine  could 
be  called  illinolsi  nsis,  tlic  others  more  truly  intertextus.  ]\Iaterial 
from  the  Illinois  River  lias  an  obesity  index  of  107.5,  that  from 
White  Bear  Lake,  Minucsola,  95.7.  The  nuinbor  of  whorls  of  the 
subspecies  does  not  seem  to  exceed  lnui"  jind  a  hall'.     Banding  is 


January.  1042]  the  nattilus  87 

in  (.'ourso  of  obsolescence.  There  are  indefinite  indications  that 
small  stream  forms  of  this  sliell  are  of  hi{iher  spire  than  those  of 
lar-rer  streams.  Illinoiscusis  occurs  in  the  Tapper  Mississippi 
Kiver.  in  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  and  in  the  drainajje  of  the 
Wabash  River  in  Indiana.  Perhaps  certain  lots  from  Kentucky 
belon{^  here. 

Viviparus  siibpurpurcus  (Say),  1829.  The  species  is  of  two 
forms,  one  markedly  conic,  the  other  in  which  the  body  whorl  is 
nearly  as  ventricose  as  is  that  of  interteztus.  The  index  of 
obesity  of  the  conic  form  is  77.6  to  86.2;  of  the  more  globose 
aspect,  86.0  to  90.6.  So  far  as  may  be  assumed  from  specimens 
at  hand,  the  globose  form  is  of  the  larger  streams,  the  Mississippi, 
Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers.  The  full  measurements  of  the  two 
largest  shells  seen  are: 

Big  Creek,  Posey  County,  Indiana,  six  whorls  Alt.  35.50,  dia. 
23.75. 

Wabash  River,  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  five  and  a  half  whorls : 
Alt.  30.  dia.  24  mm. 

The  whorls  are  more  flattened  than  in  other  species,  the  aper- 
ture of  smaller  relative  size.  The  spire  of  the  embryo  is  some- 
what elevated.  F.  C.  Baker  (1928)  directs  attention  to  the  odd 
bulging  of  the  penultimate  whorl,  plainest  when  the  aperture  is 
turned  away  from  the  observer.  In  a  few  lots,  the  shells  of  which 
seemed  depauperate,  this  characteristic  was  absent.  The  pur- 
plish tinge  noted  by  Say  has  faded  in  cabinet  examples.  As  in 
intertcxtus,  banding  is  in  course  of  disappearance.  The  umbili- 
cus is  usually  covered  by  the  columellar  fold,  but  in  occasional 
specimens  a  small  chink  is  left. 

Viviparus  snbpurpureus  texanus  (Tryon),  1862.  F.  C.  Baker 
(1928)  has  resurrected  this  mollusk  from  the  synonymy  on  the 
strength  of  its  being  "a  much  narrower  shell  which  occurs  from 
Missouri  to  Texas,  Louisiana  and  Mississippi."  Unless  the  fol- 
lowing form  is  texanus  I  have  seen  no  specimens  of  it. 

Viviparus  snbpurpureus  form  haleanus  (Lea),  1847.  Lea  says 
of  his  mollusks  that  they  show  "a  disposition  in  most  of  the 
specimens  to  a  compression  below  the  sutures,"  which  may  be 
conden.sed  to  "flat-whorled."  This  is  characteristic  of  shells 
from  Caddo  Lake,  Louisiana,  and  Texas,  all  of  which  are  small, 


88  THE  NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

rather  thin  and  without  revolving  bands.  The  index  of  obesity 
is  85.4  which  is  within  the  range  of  the  northern  conic  forms  of 
typical  suhpurpureus.  One  shell  alone  of  those  observed  had  the 
swollen  penultimate  whorl.  At  best,  I  believe,  haleanus  is  only 
a  variant.  Call's  opinion  of  it  (1894)  may  be  gathered  from  the 
fact  that  he  cites  typical  suhpurpureus  from  Caddo  Lake,  and 
ignores  the  name  haleanus. 

Viviparus  georgianus  (Lea),  1937.  The  Lea  specimens  were 
assigned  to  Darien,  Georgia,  a  place-name  that  among  naturalists 
of  the  early  nineteenth  century  loosely  included  the  Altamaha 
River  and  its  bayous,  St.  Simon  Island  and  probably  even  Sidney 
Lanier's  "Marshes  of  Glynn."  V.  waltonii  Tryon  of  St.  John's 
River,  Florida,  is  virtually  identical  with  the  Lea  shells,  as  is  also 
his  varietal  fasciatus.  The  species,  inclusive  of  its  several  forms, 
is  large  or  small,  thick  or  of  nearly  paper  thinness,  conic  or  glo- 
bose, banded  or  without  bauds,  the  whorls  decidedly  convex  or 
somewhat  flattened — greatly  varied  as  between  colonies,  but  little 
so  within  them.  In  a  circumscribed  area  of  the  Lake  George 
region,  specimens  from  Kitchen's  Creek  have  the  conic  configura- 
tion which  Pilsbry  named  altior,  shells  from  Juniper  Creek  take 
the  globose  form  to  which  the  name  walkeri  has  been  given,  and 
at  least  one  locality  has  shells  corresponding  to  the  depauperate 
wareanus. 

The  obesity  indexes  of  georgianus  of  what  can  be  termed  the 
usual  or  common  St.  John's  River  phase  are  from  79.8,  Lake 
Okeechobee,  to  86.1,  Lake  Teala  Apopka,  but  most  of  the  Van 
Hyning  lots  are  in  the  narrower  range  of  84  to  86. 

The  umbilicus  is  covered  with  the  columellar  fold  in  most  in- 
stances. Of  fifteen  lots  of  the  Van  Hyning  collection,  seven  have 
dark  revolving  bands  in  an  epidermal  ground  color  only  slightly 
lighter ;  five  have  the  same  dark  bands  contrasting  with  a  ground 
color  of  yellow  or  yellowish-brown,  and  three  are  yellowish,  the 
bands  so  faded  that  it  would  seem  the  pigment  glands  lacked 
material  for  proper  secretion.  In  several  of  the  lots  are  indi- 
viduals entirely  without  bands,  the  epidermis  approaching  albin- 
ism. 

A  curious  form  is  a  light-colored  race  from  the  Suwanee  River 
at  Fannin  Springs,  Levy  County,  Florida.     Van  Hyning 's  label 


.lanuary.   1042)  the  nai-tiu's  8fl 

records  that  it  was  "found  clinjifing  to  the  under  side  of  rocks." 
Thirty-two  per  cent  of  76  specimens  have  eohor  hands,  none  of 
them  conspicuous.  Rest  niarlis  make  contrasting'  l)hick  a.xial  lines 
aj;ainst  a  whitish-j'ellow  ground  color.  Sixteen  distinct  varices 
were  counted  in  one  shell.  The  ohesity  index  of  the  seventeen 
largest  specimens  is  83.6,  which  is  that  of  typical  georgianus. 
Another  lot.  lahelled  as  from  the  same  locality,  has  an  index  of 
88.3,  and  resembles  the  form  ivalkcri.  It  would  appear  that 
within  a  short  reacli  of  the  Suwanee  River  are  differing  ecological 
conditions  reacting  differently  on  the  same  molluscan  species. 

The  center  of  population  of  gcorgianus  is  eastern  and  central 
Florida.  Binney  reports  the  species  as  occurring  in  South 
Carolina.  Vivipara  haldemaniana  "Shuttleworth,"  Frauenfeld, 
1862,  type  locality.  Black  Creek,  Florida,  is  probably  identical 
with  gcorgianus,  1837. 

Viviparus  gcorgianus  form  altior  (Pilsbry),  1892.  The  origi- 
nal lot  was  from  an  Indian  refuse  heap.  The  five  or  six  whorls 
are  loosely  coiled,  a  little  flattened.  The  oldest  specimens  have 
the  distorted  body  whorl  which,  at  least  in  the  Pleuroceridae  and 
probably  so  in  Viviparus,  is  a  symptom  of  senility.  Dall  (1892) 
spoke  of  others  of  this  same  finding  as  "remarkable  malforma- 
tions," and  said  they  were  "due  without  doubt  to  the  direct 
physiological  action  of  some  obnoxious  substance,  such  as  salt, 
sulphur,  etc.,  in  the  water  in  which  they  lived."  The  "obnoxious 
substance"  may  quite  as  likely  have  developed  in  the  organisms 
themselves  just  as  diseases  of  old  age  do  in  mammals.  Inasmuch 
as  some  of  the  individuals  taken  from  the  kitchen  midden  are 
neither  distorted  nor  malformed  there  seems  no  sound  reason  for 
discarding  altior  altogether  although,  considering  its  close  geo- 
graphical connection  with  more  typical  gcorgianus,  it  does,  to  all 
seeming,  belong  to  a  category  of  less  importance  than  subspecies. 
The  average  obesity  index  of  twelve  specimens  is  77.1,  showing 
that  in  spite  of  a  body  whorl  of  large  diameter,  the  altitude  is 
unusually  high.  Bands  may  be  seen  by  transmitted  light.  Shells 
resembling  altior  are  in  the  Walker  collection  from  Lake  Monroe 
and  Jessup,  Orange  County,  Florida,  and  in  Mr.  Van  Hyning's 
from  Lake  Ashley,  Volusia  County. 

Viviparus  gcorgianus  form  limnothauma  (Pilsbry),  1895.     The 


90  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

whorls  of  the  types  are  "much  swollen  around  the  upper  part, 
sloping  below,  giving  a  shouldered  appearance."  The  shells  were 
found  in  the  same  refuse  pile  as  altior.  Pilsbry  reported  that 
others  were  collected  living  in  Lake  George. 

Viviparus  georgianus  form  walkeri  (Pilsbry  and  Johnson), 
1912.  This  is  a  globose  form  corresponding  to  V.  intertextus  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  but  more  closely  related  to  georgianus 
than  intertextus  is  to  any  other  species  of  its  region.  Paratypes 
are  thin,  rather  rough,  the  bands  almost  merging  into  the  dark 
ground  color.  The  obesit}^  index  of  ten  topotypes  averages  95.2. 
Other  lots  nearly  as  globose  are  from  Ocklawha  River,  Marion 
County,  and  a  branch  of  Peace  River,  Polk  County,  Florida. 
With  some  hesitancy,  larger  and  heavier  shells  of  the  Suwannee 
drainage,  of  which  Sante  Fe  and  New  rivers  are  a  part,  are 
placed  under  ivalkeri,  and  this  mainly  on  the  ratio  of  diameter  to 
height.  A  still  larger,  thicker,  more  shouldered  Viviparus  occu- 
pies Silver  Springs,  Marion  County.  Two  separate  lots  of  fifteen 
shells  each  gave  an  average  index  of  obesity  of  89.7  and  90.9. 
The  full  measurements  of  five  Silver  Springs  shells  of  the  Van 
Hyning  collection  averaged  27.75  mm.  altitude,  24.50  mm.  diam- 
eter. Out  of  forty-nine  specimens  examined,  twenty-two  have 
the  usual  four  bands ;  ten  have  lost  one  of  these  bands ;  six  have 
lost  two,  and  eleven  are  without  bands. 

Viviparus  georgianus  form  wareanus  (Shuttleworth),  1852. 
The  shells,  taken  in  Lake  Ware,  East  Florida,  reached  Shuttle- 
worth  through  Rugel,  and  Rugel  gave  specimens  to  ]\Irs.  Andrews, 
whose  collection  came  into  the  possession  of  Bryant  Walker. 
These  mollusks  are  tliin,  brownish,  without  bands;  the  umbilicus 
is  merely  a  chink.  The  index  of  obesity  is  85.7,  which  is  close  to 
that  of  georgianus  of  Lake  Okeechobee.  Similar  forms  are  from 
Reedy  Lake,  Polk  County ;  parts  of  Lake  George  and  a  place 
named  Upson  that  is  not  listed  in  the  United  States  Postal  Guide. 
The  only  material  in  the  Van  Hyning  lots  that  might  be  called 
wareanus  is  from  Wauberg  Lake,  Alachua  County,  Florida.  The 
mollu.sk  in  my  opinion  is  a  depauperate  one. 

The  position  of  the  following  is  uncertain  : 

Blue  Creek,  Early  County,  and  Oscewichee  Springs,  south  of 
Abbeville,  Wik-ox  County,  Georgia.     The  spocimons  are  rather 


.lamiary.  11)42]  the  nai-tiu's  91 

lar^'e  i'or  southeastern  Viviparus.  They  are  heavy,  shouldered; 
the  aperture  is  more  ovate  than  circular.  The  body  wliorl  is  a 
little  flattened.  Whorls,  five  and  a  half.  Each  shell  has  four 
Avell-nuirked  color  bands.  The  two  lots  have  characteristics  both 
of  contcctoidcs  and  gcorgianus.  It  may  be  of  sifrnificance  that 
they  are  on,  or  near,  the  dividing  line  between  those  two  species. 

Lake  "Waccamaw,  Columbus  County,  North  Carolina.  Twenty- 
two  specimens.  Umbilicus  covered  except  in  seven  in  which  the 
columellar  fold  does  not  completely  extend  over  the  opening. 
Obesity  index,  97.  No  bands.  The  shells  have  been  called  V. 
intcrtextus,  but  their  location  is  so  far  east  of  the  range  of  that 
species  and  so  much  nearer  to  the  area  of  gcorgianus  that  it  seems 
probable  the  mollusks  have  an  affinity  with  Florida  forms  more 
than,  superficially,  they  appear  to  have. 

Blue  Springs  Run,  3  miles  east  of  Marianna,  Jackson  County, 
Florida.  Not  greatly  different  in  shape  from  the  St.  John's 
River  forms.  The  ground  color  corresponds  to  the  Danube  Green 
of  Ridgway's  ''Color  Standards."  Counting  capillary  lines 
with  bands,  one  specimen  has  eight  of  these  revolving  pigmenta- 
tions. Through  coalescence  of  bands,  one  shell  has  three,  one 
only  two.  There  is,  besides,  the  common  four-band  formula. 
The  colony  is  outside  the  region  that  may  be  termed  gcorgianus* 
and  in  that  of  contcctoidcs  goodrichi. 

On  the  bases  of  information  available,  it  can  be  said  that 
Viviparus  of  the  United  States  has  a  fairly  symmetrical  geo- 
graphical pattern.  The  one  serious  flaw  in  it  is  that  isolated 
occurrence  of  the  genus  in  North  Carolina,  and  this  defect  or  im- 
perfection may  in  time  be  removed  b}^  a  more  thorough  under- 
standing of  specific  relationships. 

References 

Baker,  F.  C,  The  Fresh  Water  Mollusca  of  Wisconsin,  1928,  Ft. 

1,  pp.  31^4. 
BiNNEY.  W.  G.,  Land  and  Fresh-Water  Shells  of  North  America, 

1865,  Pt.  3,  pp.  16-32. 
Call,  R.  E.,  On  the  Geographic  and  Hysometric  Distribution  of 

North  American  Viviparidae,  Amer.  Journ.  of  Science,  48, 

1894,  pp.  132-141. 
Dall,  W.  H.,  Contributions  to  the  Tertiary  Fauna  of  Florida, 


92  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

Trans.  Wagner  Free  Institute  of  Science,  3,  Pt.  1,  1890,  pp. 

332-335. 
Henderson,    Junius,    Fossil    Non-Marine    Mollusca    of    North 

America,  Geol.  Soc.  of  America  Special  Papers,  No.  3,  1935, 

pp.  165-177. 
KoBELT-ScHWANHEiM,  W.,  Die  Gattiing  Paludina  Lam.  (Vivipara 

Montfort),  Systematisehes  Conchvlien-Cabinet  von  Martini 

und  Chemnitz,  Pt.  21a,  1909,  pp.  97^30,  PI.  15-77. 
Reeve,  L.  A.,  Monofrraph  of  the  Genus  Paludina,  1863. 
Van  Clea\%  IIarley  J.,  and  Emily  McDavid  Kichey,  Studies  on 

the  Radula  in  Snails  of  the  Genus  Viviparus,  Trans.  Amer, 

Microscopical  Soc,  55,  1936,  pp.  223-229. 
Wetherby,  a.  G.,  Review  of  the  Genus  Tidotoma,  with  Remarks 

on  the  Geographical  Distribution  of  the  North  American 

Viviparidae,  Quar.  Journ.  Conchol.,  1,  1876,  pp.  207-215. 


OLIVELLA  PYCNA 

By  D.  S.  and  E.  W.  GIFFORD 

On  July  9,  1941,  we  collected  seven  living  examples  of  Olivella 
pycna^  on  the  beach  at  Cresent  City,  Del  Norte  County,  Califor- 
nia. The  following  day  we  took  another  at  Port  Orford,  Curry 
County,  Oregon,  but  failed  on  the  11th  to  find  any  at  Trinidad 
Head,  Humboldt  County,  California. 

The  University  of  California  Museum  of  Anthropology  pos- 
sesses 885  archeological  examples  of  this  species  from  various 
ancient  Indian  mounds  in  Central  California,  as  follows:  from 
Kern  County,  1 ;  from  the  Delta  region  of  San  Joaquin,  Sacra- 
mento, and  Contra  Costa  Counties,  647 ;  from  Napa  County,  1 ; 
from  San  Francisco  Bay  shores  (Alameda  and  Santa  Clara  Coun- 
ties), 229;  from  the  shores  of  Drake's  Bay  and  Tomales  Bay, 
Marin  County,  7. 

Bolinas,  Marin  County,  is  tiie  type  localit\'  for  Olivella  pycna. 
There  it  was  dredged  from  3  to  4  fathoms  depth.  Mr.  Allyn  G. 
Smith,  who  kindly  chockod  our  identification,  has  a  series  dredged 
near  Hog  Island,  Tomales  Bay,  from  a  depth  of  5  fathoms.  The 
University  of  California  Department  of  Zoology  has  several  taken 
littorally  in  Tomales  Bay.  Messrs.  Tom  and  John  Q.  Burch  have 
kindly  suj)pli(Hl  us  with  littoral  specimens  from  Morro  Bay,  San 

1  S.  Stillman  Berry,  An  Undcscribcd  Californian  Olivella,  Proc.  Malaco- 
logical  Society  of  London,  vol.  21,  pp.  262-265,  1935. 


January.   1J)42]  thk  nai  tilus  93 

Luis  Obispo  County.  It  seems  unlikely  that  the  Indians  dredged 
their  specimens.  Perhaps  beach  worn  specimens  and  additional 
littoral  collecting  {^rounds  not  yet  found  by  concliolo<j:ists  were 
their  sources  of  supply.  Except  for  the  seven  specimens  from 
Marin  County  mounds,  all  are  from  mounds  far  removed  from 
the  habitat  of  the  species.  Elither  the}'  were  traded  inland  by 
coastal  Indians  or  excursions  were  made  to  the  coast  by  inhabi- 
tants of  the  interior. 

In  northwestern  California  OliucUa  yycna  is  fairly  common  in 
Indian  necklaces,  dress  fringes,  etc.  Among  examples  in  the 
I'niversity  of  California  Museum  of  Anthropology  are  1-1505 
(necklace)  from  the  Hupa  Indians,  and  1-2334  (fringed  buck- 
skin dress)  from  the  Yurok,  Karok,  or  Hupa  Indians.  Olivella 
pycna  is  usually  used  along  with  young  Olivella  hiplicata  of  about 
the  same  size.  Stearns  describes  a  string  of  "probabl}'  over  a 
thousand  shells"^  of  Olivella  hiplicata  and  Olivella  intorta  from 
the  Hupa  Indians  of  Humboldt  County.  His  so-called  intorta 
is  probably  pycna.  No  doubt  the  beach  at  Cresent  City  was  one 
source  of  supply  of  both  species  for  the  modern  Indians. 

Dr.  S.  Stillman  Berry  has  checked  our  identification  to  the  ex- 
tent of  asserting  that  ten  archeological  specimens  from  Santa 
Clara  County  and  one  live-collected  shell  from  Crescent  City  sent 
to  him  "are  Olivella  pycna  without  any  reasonable  doubt." 


FIRST  RECORD  OF  BARTLETTIA   IN  PARAGUAY 

By  ALBERTO  CARCELLES 
Curator  of  MoUusks  at  the  Argentine  Museum 

The  single  species  in  the  genus  Bartlettia  is  B.  stefanensis 
Moricand,  from  the  Huallaga  River,  affluent  of  the  Amazonas,  in 
Ecuador.  Dr.  F.  H.  Schade  sent  to  the  Museo  Argentino  de 
Sciencias  Naturales,  twelve  specimens  collected  in  Arroyo  Guazu, 
Paraguay. 

Bartlettia  lives  in  the  waterfalls,  incrusted  in  hard  rocks 
("tosca"). 


2  Robert  E.  C.  Stearns,  Ethno-Conchology — A  Study  of  Primitive  Money, 
Report  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  for  the  Year  ending  June  30,  1887, 
p.  326,  1889. 


94  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

The  family  Aetheriidae  consists  of  three  genera:  Aetheria 
Lam.  from  the  Nile  River  with  species  in  the  Pleistocene  of  West 
Africa,  a  genus  which  resembles  Ostrea,  but  with  two  adductors; 
Acostea  D'Orb.  of  the  Magdalena  River,  Colombia,  also  similar 
to  Ostrea  with  one  adductor;  and  Bartlettia  Adams,  from  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Amazonas,  possessing  two  adductors,  the  anterior  of 
which  is  the  longer.  The  anterior  area  extends  into  the  water, 
and  the  posterior  area  is  hidden  between  the  stones,  resembling 
superficially  Anodontites  tcnehricosus.  In  the  opinion  of  Iher- 
ing,  the  fauna  of  the  Paraguay  River  is  related  to  that  of  the 
Amazonas,  notably  in  the  presence  of  Unionacea  and  fishes.  The 
presence  of  B.  stefanensis  in  Paragua}"  favors  this  thesis. 

The  shell  is  very  irregular,  subcircular,  with  the  anterior  area 
longer,  twisted,  and  compressed,  the  posterior  area  broad, 
rounded,  with  the  umbo-ventral  zone  straight,  without  hinge,  the 
amphidetic  ligament  short,  thick,  and  subinternal.  The  superior 
and  inferior  margins  of  the  anterior  zones  are  convergent,  form- 
ing a  little  channel.  The  outer  surface  is  irregular,  resembling 
the  bark  of  a  tree,  and  is  most  irregular  on  the  area  of  the  shell 
exposed  to  erosion.  External  color  greenish  olive,  inside  green- 
ish blue,  and  somewhat  iridescent.  The  shell  is  free  when  young 
and  adherent  in  the  adult  stage,  the  torsion  being  characteristic 
of  the  adult  stage. 

Measurements:  a-p  10,  u-v  5,  thickness  2.5  mm.  (youngest 
specimens,  similar  to  Anodontites  tcnehricosus).  A-p  81.4,  u-v 
38.5,  thickness  32.2  mm.  (adult  stage),  no.  19961,  M. A.C.N. 

This  is  the  first  record  of  Bartlettia  in  the  drainage  sj'^stem  of 
the  Paraguay-Parana  Rivers. 


PINE  WOODS  AS  ADEQUATE  HABITAT  TYPES  FOR 
LAND  MOLLUSCA 

I'.Y  ALL.\N   F.  ARCIIKR 

Although  coiiipjii-ativclx-  litllc  lias  Ixmmi  written  on  tli(>  subject 
of  Ifiiid  iiiollusks  ill  pine  woods,  what  little  we  have  in  print  testi- 
fies for  the  most  part  to  the  scarcity  or  absence  of  molluscan  life 
in  coniferous  cover.  It  is  gratif.xing  to  note  the  recent  appear- 
ance of  Ilcnrv  van   dcr  Schalic's   i)apcr,  "Larger  Land   Shells 


January.   li)42]  the  naitilus  95 

from  Pine  Woods  in  Northern  Michifjan,"  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  Arts, 
and  Letters,  1939,  Vol.  25. 

After  some  years  of  collecting  in  pine  woods  and  the  taking  of 
field  data  in  an  area  extendinj::  from  New  Enjiland  to  Texas  I  am 
convinced  of  the  errors  in  the  statement  that  such  cover  is  quite 
barren  of  molluscau  life.  Even  though  poorly  decomposed  pine 
logs  are  apt  to  be  barren  of  mollusks,  the  pine  straw  and  other 
debris  certainly  harbor  them.  Charred  pine  wood  furnishes  ade- 
quate food  and  shelter  for  snails  and  slugs.  It  must,  of  course, 
be  admitted  that  the  lack  of  diversity  of  habitats,  the  poorer  qual- 
ity of  available  mineral  salts,  and  the  greater  scarcity  of  plant 
foods  render  pines  less  favorable  than  hardwoods  for  a  large 
variety  of  species  of  Mollusca  and  soil  Arthropoda. 

The  field  collector  who  tackles  pine  woods  needs  to  bear  in 
mind  the  past  history  of  the  locality  that  he  investigates  as  well 
as  the  interplay  between  factors  which  operate  on  the  animal 
life.  He  must  view  the  locality  wuth  the  critical  eye  of  the  ecolo- 
gist.  In  the  southern  United  States  natural,  pure  stands  of  pine 
are  rather  uncommon,  and  many  pine  plots  belong  to  an  early 
stage  of  reforestation  on  formerly  cultivated  land.  These  latter 
can  only  be  classified  as  old-field  pine,  which  grows  on  eroded 
soil  impoverished  by  years  of  soil-depleting  cotton  crops.  Fire 
factors  and  overgrazing  exert  very  depressing  effects  on  pine 
cover  that  would  otherwise  harbor  normal  molluscan  life.  Col- 
lecting in  pine  woods  is  sometimes  hard  work,  and  should  be 
undertaken  whenever  possible  during  wet  seasons. 

The  nearest  to  complete  barrenness  that  I  have  ever  observed 
is  to  be  found  in  pine  timber  on  chert  or  indurated  Coastal  Plain 
soils  (Jefferson  and  Autauga  Counties,  Alabama)  where  re- 
peated fires  have  destroyed  all  humus,  leaving  neither  food  nor 
shelter  for  mollusks  or  soil  arthropods.  Even  on  poor,  acidic 
soils  in  New  England  I  have  found  pine  straw  inhabited  by  a  fair 
amount  of  small  Zonitidae  and  Endodontidae  together  with  an 
occasional  polygj'rid.  Pine  woods  in  the  southern  states  may  be 
classified  according  to  a  genetic  system:  1.  Natural  pine-forest 
types  on  calcareous  soils.  2.  Natural  pine-forest  types  on  non- 
calcarous  soils.  3.  Old-field  pine.  Item  1  is  relatively  scarce,  in 
fact  less  than  one  per  cent  of  the  total  area.      Item  2  is  widely 


96  THE   NAUTILUS  [VoL.    55  (3) 

scattered,  and  occupies  nearly  every  type  of  land  form,  but  does 
not  occupy  a  laro:e  total  area.  In  mountainous  country  it  is  of 
negligible  importance  in  comparison  Avith  the  oak-pine  type. 
Neither  1  nor  2  can  be  considered  as  representing  the  theoretical 
climax  forest,  but  both  are  certainly  influenced  and  maintained 
by  edaphic  factors.  Item  3  has  a  very  wide  distribution,  but 
never  occupies  any  large  single  blocks  of  territory. 

In  the  above  connection  Dr.  van  der  Schalie  quotes  Dr.  Fer- 
nald's  view  that  jack  pine  is  invariably  associated  with  acid  soils. 
While  I  am  not  prepared  to  contradict  this,  I  believe  that  more 
evidence  for  or  against  this  should  be  forthcoming  from  northern 
Michigan  where  some  of  the  soils  of  the  pine-woods  region  are  not 
distinctly  acid.  In  the  southern  United  States  most  pines  except 
those  in  swamps  and  savannas  can  and  do  grow  on  calcareous 
soils.  From  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Central  America  pines  are 
known  to  grow  not  merely  on  calcareous  soils  but  even  on  bare 
limestone.  Pines  of  a  number  of  species  grow  on  dry  soils  re- 
gardless of  their  pH  (within  normal  biological  limits),  especially 
if  they  do  not  suffer  from  competition  with  hardwood  species. 

Large  land  snails  are  quite  as  apt  to  be  present  in  pine  types 
on  non-ealcareous  soil  as  on  calcareous  soil.  In  general,  however, 
the  rather  small  and  the  very  small  species  predominate  in  pine 
communities.  The  following  paragraphs  will  serve  as  illustra- 
tions of  some  typical  pine-woods  mollusk  faunas  of  the  lower 
South.  All  cited  below  will  pertain  to  the  "less  favorable"  non- 
calcareous  soils. 

A.  Piedmont  Province.  Non-calcareous  soils,  although  not 
necessarily  deficient  in  mineral  salts.  1.  Old  peneplain  country 
now  exhibiting  juvenile  land  forms.  Opelika,  Lee  County,  Ala- 
bama. Pine  woods  of  the  old-field  type,  or  else  modified  by  fires. 
Cover:  Pinus  echinata,  P.  taeda,  3  species  of  young  oaks,  Nyssa 
sylvatica,  Rhus  copallinn,  Smilax  pumila.  Mollusca :  EetineUa 
indentata  paucilirata,  Zonitoides  intertcxtus,  Triodopsis  faUax 
vannosirandi.  2.  Hatchet  Creek,  Coosa  County,  Alabama.  Pines 
on  summits  of  sloping  interfluves.  The  ground  is  rather  rocky. 
Cover:  Pinus  taeda,  P.  echinata,  Hydrangea  querci folia,  Smilax 
sp.,  ferns.  Mollusca:  PJiilomjfcus  caroh'nianus,  Haplofrcma  con- 
cavum,   Oastrodonta   interna,   Zonitoides   arboreus,   Stcnotrema 


January.  1942]  tiik  nautilis  f)7 

barbigcrum,  S.  sicnotrcma,  Triodopsis  tridcntata,  Mesodon   in- 
flect us,  M.  pcrigraptus. 

B.  Coastal  Plain  Province.  The  loiifjleaf-pine  woods  occur  on 
some  of  our  poorest  soils.  Bon  Secour,  Baldwin  County,  Ala- 
bama. Cover:  Piuus  palustris,  Screnoa  scrrulata,  and  a  dense, 
hifrh  undor«:rowth  of  grra.sses.  Mollusca :  Rctinclla  indcntata  pau- 
cilirata,  Polygyra  auriformis,  Praticolella  mobiliana. 

C.  Appalachian  Plateaus.  I^plands  of  low  relief  on  sandstone. 
Black  Warrior  National  Forest,  Winston  County,  Alabama.  The 
Pine  cover  is  certainly  of  the  old-field  type.  Cover :  Pinus  echi- 
nata,  Sassafra^^  variifolium,  5  species  of  younp^  oaks,  Morongia 
uncinata,  Potentilla,  Antcnnaria  plantaginifolia,  and  some 
grasses.  Mollusca:  Philomycus  carolinianus,  Gastrodonia  in- 
terna, Zonit aides  intertextus,  Z.  arboreus,  Stenotrcma  barbi- 
gcrum, Triodopsis  tridcntata,  Mesodon  perigraptus,  M.  thyroidus. 

D.  Pine  straw  samples  from  central  Butler  County,  Alabama, 
yield  the  following:  small  snails:  Zonitoides  elliotti,  Z.  arboreus, 
Euconulus  chersinus,  Pnnctum  minutissimum,  Strobilops  laby- 
rinthica. 

In  those  localities  in  which  more  than  three  species  are  cited 
some  fairly  large  snails  occur  even  though  the  soils  are  non-cal- 
careous. Even  where  the  species  found  amount  to  only  three,  we 
are  apt  to  find  one  of  them  to  be  common  as  to  individuals.  In 
the  list  of  eight  species  from  Winston  County  four  of  them  are 
fairly  common.  I  can  state  that  the  above  localities  are  not  ex- 
ceptional, but  are  typical  illustrations  of  the  adequateness  of  pine 
woods  as  molluscan  habitats. 


ZOOGENETES  HARPA    (SAY)   IN  THE  ROCKY 
MOUNTAINS 

By  PHIL  L.  MARSH 

There  has  been  some  doubt  about  the  inclusion  of  Zoogenetes 
harpa  (Say)  in  the  native  molluscan  fauna  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. Henderson  did  not  mention  it  in  his  studies  of  "The 
Mollusca  of  Colorado,  Utah,  Montana,  Idaho  and  Wyoming" 
(University  of  Colorado  Studies,  Vol.  xiii,  No.  2,  Aug.  1024)  but 
in  his  supplement  (Vol.  xxiii,  No.  2,  Jan.  1936),  referring  to  his 


98  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

report  in  the  Nautilus  (xliii,  104,  1930),  he  tokl  of  its  discovery 
at  Estes  Park,  Colo.  He  states  in  the  supplement  that  "With 
it  -vvas  Carychium,  another  genus  not  before  reported  from  Colo- 
rado, which  leads  to  a  suspicion  that  after  all  both  may  have  been 
introduced."  Chamberlin  and  Jones  do  not  include  it  in  their 
"Catalogue  of  the  Mollusca  of  Utah  (University  of  Utah,  Bio- 
logical Series,  Vol.  1,  No.  1,  June,  1929)  " 

In  Aug.,  1941,  Mr.  Calvin  Goodrich  and  I  collected  one  speci- 
men of  Z.  harpa  in  Shoshone  Canyon,  1  mile  west  of  Elephant 
Head,  Park  Co.,  Wyo.  (about  10  miles  east  of  the  East  Gate  of 
Yellowstone  National  Park),  and  two  specimens  on  the  hillside 
at  the  edge  of  Horseshoe  Park,  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park, 
Colorado.  The  Colorado  station  is  not  far  from  Estes  Park,  but 
Shoshone  Canyon  is  more  than  300  miles  distant. 

Zoogenetes  harpa  seems  to  be  as  scarce  in  the  Eocky  ^lountains 
as  it  is  in  northern  Michigan.  In  the  Drummond  Island  region  of 
Michigan  I  have  collected  six  specimens  from  five  localities.  Dur- 
ing several  summers  I  have  taken  tens  of  thousands  of  small 
snails  from  Arnold  Island,  in  "Whitney  Bay  of  Drummond  Island ; 
I  found  only  one  example  of  Z.  harpa.  From  some  fifty  stations 
in  the  surrounding  area  I  have  collected  many  times  that  number 
of  small  snails,  including  only  half  a  dozen  of  Z.  harpa.  It  is, 
perhaps,  this  scarcity  of  the  species  that  accounts  for  the  few 
western  records. 

It  would  seem  safe  to  include  Zoogenetes  harpa  (Say)  in  the 
native  fauna  of  the  Rock}'  Mountains. 


FOOD  HABITS  OF  HAPLOTREMA  MINIMUM  ANCEY 

AND  HABITS  OF  ASSOCIATED  MOLLUSKS 

ON  THE  MILLS  COLLEGE  CAMPUS 

By  WILLIAM  MARCUS  INGRAM 
Mills  College,  Californiii 

Three  species  of  snails  and  one  slug  are  associated  with  the  car- 
nivorous niollusk,  IlaplotriDui  minimum  Ancey,  on  the  ^lills 
College  campus.  The  comiiion  associates  are  Ilelminthoglypta 
arrosa  holdcriana  Cooi)er  and  lit Iminlhoglypia-  diabloensis 
(Cooper)  ;  the  mollusks  less  coiniiionly  found  in  association  with 


.Taiuiary,  1942]  the  nautili's  Of) 

//.  minimum  arc  the  garden  snail  pest,  Helix  aspcrsa  Muller,  and 
the  hirjre  shiir.  Ariolimax  columhianus  Gould. 

The  typical  habitat  of  //.  mitiimum  is  found  beneath  water- 
earried  debris  and  eucalyptus  branches  and  leaves  on  the  banks 
of  Leona  creek.  In  such  a  habitat  the  fjround  is  moist  throu^di- 
out  all  but  the  summer  months.  Occasionally,  however,  indi- 
viduals have  been  taken  from  beneath  eucalyptus  bark  away  from 
the  creek,  where  moisture  conditions  are  less  favorable. 

//.  minimum  has  been  observed  feeding  on  young  and  adults 
of  //.  arrosa  holderiana  and  H.  diabloensis  in  the  field,  and  on 
the  young  of  //.  aspcrsa  in  the  laboratory.  Individuals  confined 
to  terraria  with  adults  of  //.  aspcrsa  and  of  A.  columhianus  have 
never  been  observed  to  feed  upon  these  two  typical  herbivores 
through  starvation  periods  of  90  days.  Niether  did  they  feed  on 
one  another  during  this  interval. 

Even  though  it  is  not  common,  because  of  a  usual  lack  of  food 
supply,  to  find  large  aggregates  of  carnivorous  snails  in  one  area 
7  individuals  of  H.  minimum  have  been  taken  together.  These 
were  collected  in  an  area  2  by  4  feet  from  beneath  eucalyptus  leaf 
humus  in  crevices  in  the  moist  soil  substratum.  Three  H.  arrosa 
holderiana  were  collected  with  this  carnivore  aggregate.  Three 
other  Haplotrcma  were  collected  from  moist  eucalyptus  leaves 
covered  by  eucalyptus  bark.  Three  H.  diabloensis  adults  and  6 
young  were  also  taken  in  this  habitat. 

Food  Habits  of  Haplotrema. — Individuals  of  Haplotrcma 
have  been  confined  to  terraria  with  all  of  the  above  species  of 
land  mollusks.  The  following  pertinent  data  have  been  gathered 
concerning  feeding  activity. 

In  one  terrarium  2  Haplotrema  began  feeding  on  a  young  H. 
arrosa  holderiana  10  mm.  in  height.  The  2  predators  approached 
and  made  contact  with  the  food  snail  simultaneously.  The  preda- 
tors could  be  seen  working  their  lips  as  they  explored  the  shell. 
One  then  thrust  its  head  into  the  aperture  of  the  food  snail  and 
the  other  rasped  an  area  of  shell  from  the  apical  whorls.  Twenty- 
five  minutes  were  required  for  the  com])letion  of  the  feeding 
process.  Occasionally  during  the  feeding  act  a  dark-colored  por- 
tion of  the  prey  was  observed  passing  down  the  alimentary  canals 
of  the  feeding  snails. 


100  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

The  feeding  activities  were  carried  on  beneath  the  rays  of  a  60 
watt  bulb  placed  a  foot  away  from  the  terrarium.  Activity  car- 
ried on  under  such  conditions  probably  indicates  that  this  car- 
nivore will  feed  at  any  time  during:  the  daylight  hours.  Twenty 
individuals  have  been  observed  in  the  field  between  the  hours  of 
from  1  to  4  p.m.  actively  crawling  about  under  conditions  of  day- 
light. Many  more  have  been  gathered  in  an  extended  condition 
between  the  same  hours. 

Five  Haplotrema  were  placed  in  a  terrarium  with  2  adult  indi- 
viduals of  H.  aspersa.  Twenty-three  minutes  after  the  geotropic 
Haplotrema  were  placed  in  the  terrarium  one  climbed  to  where 
the  extended  helices  were  at  rest  and  moved  its  head  over  the 
posterior  foot  regions  of  the  latter  and  theu  returned  to  the 
bottom  of  the  terrarium.  No  feeding  attempt  was  made,  al- 
though the  Haplotrema  had  been  without  food  for  a  known  24 
hours.  These  species  were  left  together  for  24  days,  when  they 
all  went  into  aestivation. 

This  data  possibly  indicates  that  H.  minimum  does  not  relish 
adult  Helix,  although  the  carnivore  has  often  been  observed  filing 
through  the  fragile  shells  and  devouring  the  soft  parts  of  imma- 
ture individuals,  10-15  mm.  in  height  of  the  latter  species. 

One  observation  indicates  that  H.  minimum  will  attack  but  not 
eat  larger  individuals  of  //.  aspersa.  An  immature  snail  23  mm. 
in  length  was  observed  moving  about  at  9 :  30  a.m.  Three  inches 
above  the  floor  of  the  terrarium  this  individual  came  in  contact 
with  a  distended  but  inactive  H.  minimum.  As  the  garden  pest 
moved  over  the  head  of  the  carnivore  the  latter  withdrew  its 
tentacles.  Tlie  Helix  stopped  its  forward  motion  and  for  2  min- 
utes remained  feeling  about  over  the  head  of  the  Haplotrema. 
Suddenly  the  lips  of  the  carnivore  were  noted  to  protrude 
against  the  ventral  surface  of  the  head  of  the  Hclir.  The  latter 
rapidly  withdrew  into  its  shell  and  dropped  to  the  bottom  of 
the  terrarium.  Here  it  remained  inactive  with  the  aperture 
turned  upward  for  approximately  60  seconds  and  then  righted 
itself  and  began  moving  about.  On  examination  a  gash  2  mm. 
in  length  and  .25  mm.  at  the  point  of  luaxiinuiii  width  was 
observed  on  the  ventral  side  of  tlic  litvul.  Tlic  gash  was  roughly 
triangular  in  shape.     Tlie  wonnd   was  ()])vi(»usly   inflicted  when 


.Ijuuiary,   1042]  tmk  naitiu's  101 

the  Ilaplotrvma  made  its  sudden  attack  to  rid  itself  of  the  piy- 
injr  Jlilij-. 

It  is  suggested  here  that  individuals  of  Haplotrcma  minimum 
may  serve  as  an  effective  control  for  tlie  garden  snail,  Helix 
asptrsa.  in  ('(M'tain  areas  of  the  campus.  It  was  shown  above 
that  although  Haplotrcma  has  not  been  observed  feeding  on 
adult  garden  snails,  it  does  devour  young  ones.  Extensive  col- 
lecting in  areas  of  the  campus  whore  Haplotrcma  abounds  has 
not  revealed  garden  snails  even  though  environmental  condi- 
tions are  suitable  for  their  abundance. 

Habits  of  Associated  Snails. — Hclminthoghjpta  arrosa  hol- 
dcriana  and  H.  diablocnsis  are  found  in  similar  habitats  on  the 
Mills  College  campus.  Individuals  of  these  species  have  been 
most  abundantly  collected  from  beneath  fallen  eucalyptus  tree 
bark  and  from  beneath  fixed  but  loose  bark.  They  have  been 
taken  up  as  high  as  3  feet  on  a  eucalyptus  trunk,  although  they 
are  to  be  gathered  in  greater  quantity  beneath  started  bark  at 
the  base  of  these  trees,  where  conditions  of  moisture  are  more 
favorable.  The  latter  species  is  not  uncommonly  found  beneath 
brush  piles  on  the  campus.  Collecting  data  indicate  that  both 
species  aestivate  beneath  eucalyptus  bark  during  warm  spells  in 
May  (Fahrenheit  temperature  79-85  degrees).  During  foggy 
days  following  warm  ones  they  break  through  the  epiphragm  and 
actively  move  about  in  search  of  food.  Both  species  have  also 
been  taken  from  beneath  water-carried  debris  on  the  banks  of 
Leona  creek.  H.  arrosa  holderiana  has  been  taken  from  euca- 
lyptus "islands"  in  Redwood  Park  above  the  campus.  In  4 
instances  isolated  eucalyptus  trees  were  examined  and  all  yielded 
specimens.  Since  H.  arrosa  holderiana  and  H.  diablocnsis  have 
apparently  become  firmly  established  in  an  introduced  habitat 
afforded  by  eucalyptus  trees  it  would  seem  that  these  snails  are 
very  adaptable  species.  Pilsbry  (1939)  reports  the  habitat  of 
H.  diahloensis  sent  to  him  by  the  eminent  California  land  snail 
collector,  Allyn  G.  Smith,  as  follows,  "It  is  a  snail  of  the  foot- 
hills, frequently  found  in  rock  piles,  but  more  often  under  logs, 
brush,  or  other  deciduous  cover.  ...  It  does  not  normally  live 
near  San  Francisco  Bay  or  the  ocean." 

Ariolimax  columhianus  is  abundant  along  the  banks  of  Leona 


102  THE  NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

creek  beneath  ivy,  where  it  has  abundant  moisture  and  good  pro- 
tection from  the  sun.  The  writer  has  collected  individuals  only 
singly.  This  snail  is  abundant  in  canyons  behind  the  campus 
where  the  live  oak,  Quercus  agrifolia,  and  poison-oak,  Rhus  di- 
versibola,  abound.  Two  individuals  have  been  taken  feeding  on 
poison  oak.  This  species  has  been  collected  crawling  about  dur- 
ing the  daylight  hours. 

Thanks  are  due  to  Dr.  G.  Dallas  Hanna  and  Mr.  Allyn  G. 
Smith  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco,  for 
identifying  some  of  the  species  discussed  here.  I  wish  to  express 
my  gratitude  to  my  assistants  and  students  of  beginning  zoology 
of  the  spring  semester  of  1941  for  collecting  snails  from  the 
campus. 

Bibliography 

PiLSBRY,  H.  A.  1939.  Land  Mollusca  of  North  America  etc. 
Monograph  no.  3,  The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia, vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  105. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS 


More  Sinistral  Gastropods. — The  note  in  the  current  Nau- 
tilus about  a  sinistral  Succiuea  calls  to  mind  instances  of  hetero- 
strophy  in  other  land  snails  which  have  recently  come  to  my  at- 
tention. The  first  of  these  is  a  sjiocimen  of  Pohjgxjra  ccrcolus 
taken  by  my  wife  Ruth  Ingersoll  Bail}'  at  Plillsboro,  Florida,  in 
the  spring  of  1940.  It  is  bleached  white  but  otherwise  in  perfect 
condition.  It  is  the  form  described  by  Dr.  Pilsbry  as  having 
whorls  of  narrow  caliber,  and  therefore  more  of  them,  than  a  typi- 
cal specimen  of  P.  c.  carpentcriana  of  the  same  size.  The  other  is 
a  specimen  of  Micrarionta  Icvis,  taken  by  me  on  the  salt  flats 
south  of  Santo  Domingo,  Baja  California,  this  past  August.  It 
is  badly  broken,  only  about  half  the  body  whorl  remaining,  but 
the  peristome  is  complete  and  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  its  sinis- 
trality.— -Joshua  L.  Baily,  Jr. 

ViVIPARUS  MALLEATT'S  IN  NiAOARA  TJUTSR. — On  Sept.  16th  I 
found  a  22  inch  dead  shell  of  Viripdnis  ninUcatus  Reeve  on  the 
Niagara  River  slioic  of  Cayuga  Island,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.  To- 
day, Oct.  23r(l,  I  |)ickc(l  up  4  live  and  5  dead  s]iecimens  ranging 


.January,   1!)42]  the  nai'tilus  103 

in  size  from  h  to  2\  inches.  This  seems  to  inrlieate  that  this  shell 
has  bceome  established  liere.  About  8  years  ago  we  lived  in  the 
eottage  in  front  of  which  these  shells  were  found.  At  that  time 
I  purchased  a  pair  of  these  snails  from  Beldt's  Aquarium  of  St. 
Louis  and  was  quite  successful  in  raising  them.  Some  of  these 
shells  must  have  been  inadvertently  dumped  into  the  river  and 
survived. — Eugene  H.  Schmeck,  8711  Butfalo  Ave.,  Niagara 
Falls,  N.  Y. 

A  New  Subspecies  of  Naesiotus  quitensis  from  Ecuador. — 
Among  several  large  lots  of  Naesiotus  quitensis  Pfeiffer  sent  to 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum  by  Mr.  Ralph  W.  Jackson  w^as  a  sub- 
species distinct  from  the  other  subspecies  of  this  Ecuadorean 
snail,  on  which  I  recently  published  a  paper  (see  Nautilus,  vol. 
53,  no.  4,  April  1940,  pp.  111-118).  This  form  may  be  diagnosed 
as  follows : 

Naesiotus  quitensis  antisana,  new  subspecies. — Shell  moderately 
large,  broader  than  the  other  subspecies  except  Naesiotus  quiten- 
sis orinus  Rehder,  light  brown  or  straw  colored  with  dark  chest- 
nut axial  bands  of  varying  widths,  occasionally  almost  obscuring 
the  lighter  base  color,  at  least  in  the  later  whorls.  Lip  slightly 
reflected  with  a  dark  chestnut  band  just  behind  it.  The  edge  of 
the  reflected  lip  is  whitish.  All  the  dark  bands  show  through  on 
the  inside  of  the  shell. 

The  type,  U.S.N.M.  No.  516940,  was  collected  on  the  slopes  of 
Mt.  Antisana,  one  of  the  peaks  of  the  eastern  range  of  the  Andes, 
in  the  Province  of  Pichincha,  Ecuador.  It  measures :  Height  27.1 
mm. ;  diameter,  14.4  mm. 

The  measurements  of  100  specimens  range  as  follows :  Height, 
19.9  to  28.8  mm. ;  diameter,  10.5  to  15.4  mm.  The  average  mea- 
surements of  these  specimens  are :  Height,  24.7  mm. ;  diameter, 
13.3  mm. 

This  race  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  other  members  of 
this  complex  by  the  contrasting  dark  chestnut  axial  bands  against 
a  pale  brown  background. — H.  A.  Rehder. 

Long  Beach  Shell  Club  Semiannual  Field  Trip. — Members 
of  the  Long  Beach,  Calif.,  Shell  Club  met  recently  at  Dana  Cove, 
Dana  Point,  California,  for  the  semiannual  field  trip.    Although 


104  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

the  day  was  cloudy  with  frequent  showers,  27  members  spent  a 
profitable  afternoon  alonp-  the  roc'l\y  coast.  The  Emery  Chaces 
took  several  Lamellarias,  but  as  yet  have  not  cheeked  them  for 
species.  When  it  became  too  dark  to  turn  over  another  rock  the 
group  went  to  the  cabin  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  (President)  Barnett  for 
a  baked  bean  dinner. 

The  club,  in  three  years,  has  grown  from  a  membership  of  16 
to  a  regular  attendance  of  35.  Visiting  conchologists  are  always 
welcome  at  club  meetings,  held  the  first  Friday  of  each  month  in 
room  nineteen  of  the  Stevenson  School,  Sixth  Street  at  Line 
Ave.,  in  Long  Beach. — Leona  Lindermann,  Publicity  Chairman. 

A  Cerion  Found  in  Bermuda. — This  Cerion  was  found  float- 
ing aperture  up  in  the  line  of  flotsam,  at  Cooper's  Island,  Ber- 
muda, December  26th,  1926,  by  Mr.  Louis  L.  Mobray.  "When 
given  me  by  that  gentleman  in  1927,  during  my  last  visit  to  the 
Islands,  he  informed  me,  that  the  shell  was  empty  and  the  aper- 
ture plugged  with  earthy  material.  How  it  arrived  at  Cooper's 
Island  is  open  to  two  possibilities : — It  was  transported  by  the 
Gulf  Stream  and  in  this  way  have  reached  Bermuda  where  it 
was  found ;  or,  the  shell  being  light  and  devoid  of  its  animal  con- 
tents, may  have  arrived  through  the  agency  of  one  of  the  fre- 
quent West  Indian  hurricanes,  which  are  not  infrequent  visitors 
to  the  Bernuulian  shores.  I  have  not  attempted  to  identify  the 
species,  but  Dr.  Pilsbry  considers  it  to  be  a  form  of  Cerion  vari- 
ahile  Dall,  of  Andros,  Bahamas. — Arthur  F.  Gray. 

A  New  Form  of  Urocoptis  scobinata  Torre  &  Ramsden. — U. 
scohinata  was  described  in  1915  from  Monte  Toro  (Nautilus  28: 
133).  When  in  Cuba  in  January.  1912,  Mr.  Walter  F.  Webb 
found  a  form  of  it  at  the  foot  of  a  flat-topped  range  north  of  the 
railroad  station  San  Paz,  east  of  Guantauamo.  While  it  agrees 
with  the  type  by  the  white  color  and  in  having  crimped  striae,  it 
differs  by  the  .somewhat  closer,  more  delicate  striation,  the  less 
impressed  sutures,  and  especially  by  having  the  jieristome  en- 
tirely free,  being  carried  shorlly  forward,  not  "adnatc  for  a  short 
distance  above."  Length  35  mm.,  diameter  above  ai)ertnre  6.7 
mm.      This  form  may   be  called   Urocoptis  scobinata   pcrfccta, 


January,   1!)421  tiih  NArriLrs  10.') 

now  subspei-ics.      i'rocoptis   (Idiostcmmu)   pilsbryana  Rainsden 
occurred  in  the  same  place. — Pilsbry. 

LiocENTRUM  Pilsbry,  1902,  Man.  Conch.  15  :  46,  was  preoccupied 
by  Lwccntnim  Karsch  in  1890,  Ent.  Nachr.  16:  272.  The  mol- 
luscan  prroup  may  take  the  name  Gymnocentrum,  type  Coclocen- 
trum  filicosta  (Shuttleworth),  Dr.  Bartsch  kindly  called  my 
attention  to  this  double  employ. — Pilsbry. 

A  New  Locality  for  Amnicola  proserpina  Hubricht.  This 
blind,  subterranean  snail  has  been  previously  kno^^^l  from  only 
two  localities  (Nautilus  53:  121).  Recently  the  author  found  it 
in  Saltpeter  Cave,  three  miles  northwest  of  Minnith,  Ste.  Gene- 
vieve Co.,  Missouri.  They  were  abundant  and  well  developed, 
one  specimen  havinf;  seven  whorls.  In  addition  to  the  morpho- 
lofrical  characters  listed  in  the  original  description  this  species 
differs  from  Amnicola  aldrichi  antroectes  Hubricht  in  its  be- 
havior. When  a  rock  with  A.  a.  antroccetes  upon  it  is  removed 
from  the  water  the  snails  remain  attached,  whereas  A.  proserpina 
will  drop  to  the  bottom  as  soon  as  the  rock  is  disturbed.  This 
makes  their  collection  tedious  and  difficult  since  they  must  be 
located  under  water  and  removed  with  the  forceps. — Leslie 
Hubricht. 

Lymnaea  stagnalis  and  Lymnaea  {Radix)  auricularia. — In 
the  July  number  of  the  Nautilus  (vol.  55,  p.  19)  Mr.  W.  J. 
Eyerdam  makes  the  followinf?  statement:  "Lymnaea  auricularia 
interprrades  closely  into  several  races  of  Lymjiaea  s^Of/naZ/s.  .  .  ." 
In  another  place  (p.  18)  auricidaria  is  said  to  compare  quite 
closely  with  topotypes  of  Lymnaea  stagnalis  occidentalis  Hemp- 
hill from  Lake  "Whatcom,  Washington.  These  statements  should 
not  pass  without  comment.  Lymnaea  stagnalia  and  Radix  auri- 
ciUaria  differ  not  only  specifically  but  generically  (or  at  least  sub- 
generically)  as  was  shown  by  me  thirty  years  ago  (Lymnaeidae 
of  North  and  Middle  America).  On  plate  10  figures  are  given  of 
the  genitalia  of  the  two  species  (figs.  A  and  C)  and  it  is  evident 
that  they  could  not  be  specifically  related. 

The  form  of  the  shell  cannot  always  be  taken  as  a  specific  cri- 
terion in  Lymnaea  and  its  groups.     In  almost  every  species  there 


106  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

are  forms  in  which  the  spire  is  shortened  and  the  aperture  en- 
larged. Stagnicola  cmarginata  is  a  good  example  of  this,  some 
varieties  ranging  very  close  to  stagnalis  in  the  form  of  the  shell, 
as  in  the  race  magnifica  from  Pelican  Lake,  Minnesota.  Mighelsi 
and  valasensis,  from  Maine  and  Wisconsin  respectively,  are  also 
of  this  nature. 

I  have  examined  a  number  of  Radix  auricularia  and  have  never 
seen  a  specimen  which  at  all  resembled  stagnalis  or  the  race 
Occident alis.  The  types  of  Hemphill's  occidcntalis  are  figured 
on  plate  23  (figs.  4—5)  of  the  Lymnaea  monograph.  Auricularia, 
adult  and  immature,  is  figured  on  plate  22,  figs.  12-15.  It  is  pos- 
sible, from  Mr.  Eyerdam's  remarks  concerning  the  statements  of 
identification  by  Messrs.  Bartsch,  Vanatta  and  "Walker,  that 
the  species  in  question  is  not  auricularia  but  a  form  of  ovata  or 
pereger.  However,  none  of  these  have  anything  to  do  with 
Lymnaea  stagnalis. — Frank  C.  Baker. 

The  Type  Locality  and  Dates  of  Pccten  imhricatus  mildredae 
Bayer. — In  the  description  of  this  variety  (Nautilus  55 :  2, 
page  46)  the  author  did  not  designate  a  type  locality.  Since  the 
metropolis  for  this  shell  seems  to  be  in  the  region  of  Miami,  and 
the  largest  number  of  specimens  are  from  this  area,  Biseayne 
Bay  may  be  considered  the  type  locality.  Some  dates,  including 
the  first  record,  are  as  follows : 

1.  January,  1935.  Lauderdale  by  the  Sea,  Florida,  Mrs.  W. 
A.  Royce. 

2.  July  3,  1938.  Sand  Key,  8  miles  southwest  of  Key  West. 
G.  W.  Van  Hyning. 

3.  August,  1939,  and  4.  July  7,  1940.  Biseayne  Bay.  W.  A. 
Royce. 

5.  July,  li)41.    Carysfort  Reef,  10  fatiioms,  A.  H.  Patterson. 

6.  August  1,  1941.  Long  Key  Reef,  Tortugas,  T.  Bayer  and 
W.  H.  Sutcliffe. 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  T.  Van  Ilyning  for  records  2.  3,  and  4. — 
Ted  Bayer. 

The  Van  IIynino  Collection  of  Florida  Shells  in  The  Flor- 
ida State  Museum  now  numbers  1213  species  and  subspecies  well 
identified   from   Florida   locnlilics.     There  are  idso  hundreds  of 


January.  1942]  the  nautilus  107 

lots  not  yet  identified.  A  typical  specimen  of  each  identified 
species  and  subspecies  is  now  selected  and  arranfred  in  their  nat- 
ural order  on  a  table  one  hundred  feet  lonjr,  as  a  section  of  Mol- 
lusca  of  Florida,  for  the  purpose  of  identification,  and  an  exhibi- 
tion series  is  being  selected  for  the  Hall  of  Mollusca. — T.  Van 
Hyninq. 

An  Abnormal  Landsnail. — It  seems  desirable  to  report  a 
scalariform,  ultra-dextraP  specimen  of  Helminthoglypta  umbili- 
cata  (Pilsbry)  which  appeared  among  a  group  of  laboratory- 
hatched  young.  The  parent-material  was  collected  near  Santa 
Margarita,  California  (detailed  locality  cit.  Naut.  54:  4,  p.  122). 
"When  first  noticed,  the  specimen's  scalariformity  attracted  my 
attention — subsequent  growth  seems  to  have  given  the  shell  its 
pronounced  ultra-dextral  character. 

With  a  companion,  the  abnormal  specimen  was  segregated 
from  the  others  and  placed  in  a  container  where  its  development 
could  be  watched.  From  mid-April  to  its  recent  death  sometime 
in  the  second  week  of  October,  1941,  the  animal  had  made  little 
growth  although  it  survived  a  month-and-a-half  aestivation.  Its 
normal  cage-mate  is  slightly  over  twice  its  diameter,  they  being 
6  +  mm.  and  3  mm.  respectively.  I  attribute  the  scalariform 
specimen's  slow  growth  and  ultimate  death  to  an  inherent  weak- 
ness rather  than  to  its  living  conditions,  as  other  young  living 
under  similar  circumstances  grow  and  appear  to  be  healthy. 
The  abnormal  specimen 's  shell  has  been  sent  to  the  Acad,  of  Nat. 
Sci.  of  Phila.,  and  forms  entry  no.  178068  in  their  collections. — 
Glenn  R.  Webb,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 


PUBLICATIONS  RECEIVED 

JoHNSONiA.  Published  by  the  Department  of  Mollusks,  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Univ.,  Cambridge,  Mass.  No.  1 :  The 
genus  Strombus  in  the  western  Atlantic.  By  Wm.  J.  Clench. 
4to  of  16  pp.,  10  plates,  printed  as  text  figures.  This  is  the  first 
number  of  a  series  designed  to  include,  eventually,  all  of  the 

1  Cooke,  A.  H.,  1895,  Cambridge  Nat.  Hist.,  "Mollusca,"  Vol.  3.  Cit. 
pp.  246-252. 


108  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (3) 

marine  mollusks  of  the  American  eastern  seaboard.  The  num- 
bers, we  understand,  are  to  appear  at  irregular  intervals  and 
each  is  to  be  complete  for  the  genus  or  genera  treated.  The  pres- 
ent part  contains  descriptions  and  excellent  figures  of  the  seven 
species  and  two  subspecies  of  Strombidae.  The  name  8.  raninus 
Gmelin  is  properly  used  in  place  of  S.  hituherculatus  Lam.  It 
has  long  been  known  that  Gmelin 's  name  was  prior,  but  Tryon 
and  other  authors  preferred  to  retain  the  well-known  Lamarck- 
ian  name.  No  definite  locality  is  given  for  S.  goliath  but  it  is 
known  from  places  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Brazil  below  the  Amazon 
mouth. 

Johnsonia  is  handsomely  printed.  This  part  is  priced  $.45, 
and  the  very  low  yearly  subscription  rate  of  $3.00  is  announced. 
— H.  A.  P. 

Hermaphroditism  in  Anodoyita  grandis,  a  Fresh- Water  Mus- 
sel. By  Henry  van  der  Schalie  and  Fred  Locke.  Occas.  Pap. 
Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Mich.  No.  432.  14  sexually  mature  specimens 
of  A.  grandis  were  sectioned  and  studied.  9  were  males,  3  were 
females  and  two  were  hermaphroditic.  "The  gonad  appears  to 
be  made  up  of  clusters  or  acini  of  sperm  and  eggs  distributed 
throughout  the  connective  tissue  of  the  visceral  mass.  Ventrally 
and  laterally,  the  gonad  is  surrounded  by  the  muscles  of  the 
foot.  Anterodorsally,  it  extends  to  the  lobules  of  the  liver  or 
digestive  gland,  and  posterodorsally  to  the  top  of  the  foot.  The 
sperm  and  developing  egg  masses  are  separate,  and  there  is  no 
evidence  from  the  material  studied  that  both  sperm  and  eggs  are 
produced  by  the  same  gland  at  different  seasons.  In  this  resepet 
A.  grandis,  as  well  as  A.  imhccillis,  differs  from  Ostrca  cdulis  as 
reported  by  Orton  (1937:  85).  Each  acinus  produces  either 
eggs  or  sperm,  and  no  acini  were  found  which  contained  both 
sex  elements."  The  relative  obesity  of  the  shell  is  considered  not 
dependable  in  the  determination  of  sex. — H.  A.  P. 


1 1).\  sii i:i'.\i,M»  ()I,lll;()^■l) 


The  Nautilus 

Vol.  55  April,   1942  No.  4 

THE  HABITS  OF  LIFE  OF  SOME  WEST  COAST 

BIVALVES 

By  DR.  FRITZ  HAAS 

Chicago,  111. 

The  observations  upon  which  I  am  to  report  were  made  during 
my  visit  to  California  in  the  months  of  April  and  May  of  last  year. 
Their  accomplishment  in  such  a  short  time  would  have  been  impos- 
sible without  the  accommodations  for  collecting  and  study  which 
the  Scripps  Institution  of  Oceanography  at  La  Jolla  and  the 
Hopkins  Marine  Station  at  Pacific  Grove  kindly  put  at  my 
disposition ;  I  was  furthermore  much  helped  by  the  active  aid  of 
West  Coast  malacologists  and  especially  by  Dr.  Joshua  Baily  of 
San  Diego  and  Dr.  Myra  Keen  of  Stanford  University. 

1.  The  Boring  of  Lithophaga.  At  the  1940  meeting  of  our 
society  at  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Bales  reported  on  his  observations  on 
Floridan  boring  mussels  and  he  touched  on  the  problem  as  to  how 
a  bivalve  with  as  soft  and  as  smooth  a  shell  as  Lithophaga  could 
successfully  attack  hard  rock.  In  this  connection,  I  then  could 
refer  to  Kiihnelt's  experimental  work  with  Mediterranean  litho- 
phagas,  in  which  he  proved  that  the  carbonic  acid  produced  by 
the  animal's  mantle  edges  is  the  solvent  agent;  this  shows  that 
Lithophaga  is  not  a  mechanical  borer,  as  are  the  teredinids  and 
pholadids,  but  a  chemical  one.  This  explanation  of  its  boring 
powers  is,  of  course,  only  true  in  the  case  of  limestone  rocks,  and 
all  the  Lithophaga  holes  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Floridan 
regions  were  indeed  bored  into  calcareous  rocks. 

On  the  California  coast,  I  collected  Lithophaga  plumula  Hanley 
at  La  Jolla.  To  my  great  astonishment,  this  species  had  per- 
forated what  seemed  to  be  a  coarse  sandstone,  but  how  could  a 
a  siliceous  rock  be  attacked  by  a  chemical  borer,  with  an  acid  no 
stronger  than  carbonic  acid?     A  chemical  and  petrographical 

(109) 


110  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

analysis  made  it  clear  later,  that  while  the  rock  in  question  is 
composed  of  medium  to  coarse  grains  of  quartz  and  feldspar,  these 
components  are  cemented  together  by  calcium  carbonate.  This 
accounts  for  the  possibility  of  its  being  drilled  by  Lithophaga. 
The  cementing  lime  is  first  dissolved  by  the  action  of  the  carbonic 
acid,  and  the  loosened  grains  of  quartz  and  feldspar  are  then 
washed  out  by  the  water  currents  produced  by  the  bivalve.  The 
bore-hole  is  constantly  lined  with  a  thin  layer  of  amorphous 
calcium  carbonate. 

The  assumption  that  chemical  boring  is  the  only  means  of 
attacking  a  rock,  even  a  sandstone  like  that  described,  is  thus  not 
contradicted,  and  is  further  supported.  But  it  utterly  fails  to  ex- 
plain how  Lithophaga  can  drill  holes  in  the  argillaceous  shale. 
I  found  this  kind  of  rock,  which  does  not  contain  a  trace  of  soluble 
lime,  settled  upon  and  perforated  by  Lithophaga  plumula,  both  at 
La  JoUa  and  at  Pacific  Grove.  Chemical  boring  is  completely  out 
of  the  question  in  this  case;  mechanical  drilling,  by  rotation  of 
the  shell,  cannot  be  proven  and  is  improbable,  since  the  exterior 
surface  of  the  Lithophaga  shell  does  not  exhibit  any  vestige  of 
being  worn  or  ground.  As  in  bore-holes  drilled  in  other  kinds  of 
rock,  those  in  the  shale  are  lined  out  with  amorphous  calcium 
carbonate.  The  fact  that  Lithophaga  can  drill  holes  in  non- 
calcareous  argillaceous  rocks  is  thus  established,  but  it  cannot 
yet  be  explained  in  any  way. 

Lithophaga  plumula  is  accompanied,  in  this  shale,  both  by 
mechanical  borers,  such  as  Vcncrupis  lameUifcra,  some  pholadids 
and  Petricola  carditoides,  and  by  a  bivalve  apparently  unfit  for 
boring,  Botula  calif orniensis,  which  probably  bores  by  the  same 
unknown  means  as  Lithophaga  plumula. 

2.  Protective  Coverings  Built  by  Two  West  Coast  Bivalves. 
Very  little  is  known  about  nest  building  habits  of  bivalves.  Text- 
books, even  the  most  recent  ones,  mention  only  the  ease  of  limids, 
which  construct  a  kind  of  camouflaged  nest  from  byssus-threads 
and  shell  fragments  or  .stones,  and  that  of  juvenile  mytilids, 
which  occasionally  have  a  similar  habit.  There  are,  however, 
other  examples  of  this  habit,  as  I  had  opportunity  of  learning  on 
the  Californian  coast,  where  nest  cases  built  by  Diplodonta  orbella 
Ciould  and  by  the  myid  Coopcrclla  suhdia})hami  Carpenter  are 
known. 


April,  1942]  the  nautilus  111 

Let  us  speak  first  of  Diplodonta  orbclla.  Tliis  species  is 
rather  common,  and  almost  every  shell  collector  on  the  West  Coast 
knows  that  it  has  the  habit  of  buildinj?  a  "nest,"  as  the  protective 
covering  is  called.  Notwithstanding  this  knowledge,  there  are 
scarcely  any  hints  in  the  literature  referring  to  this  nest-building 
habit.  None  of  the  textbooks  mentions  it,  and  only  .scanty,  insuf- 
ficient remarks  in  rather  obscure  places  give  evidence  that  the 
fact  has  been  observed.  I  tried  to  trace  back  the  literature  on  this 
subject  and  found,  as  the  oldest  quotation,  a  collecting  notice  in 
Nautilus,  9,  1895,  p.  72,  in  which  Diplodonta  orbclla  is  reported 
to  have  been  collected  "with  nests";  the  w^ay  these  "nests"  are 
mentioned,  seems  to  allude  to  a  matter  of  common  knowledge. 
Josiah  Keep,  iu  the  first  edition  of  "West  Coast  Shells,"  (1893) 
does  not  say  a  word  about  the  nest  of  our  bivalve;  so  the  first 
source  of  concise  information  about  our  subject  is  Ball's  "Synop- 
sis of  the  Lucinacea  and  of  the  American  Species,"  1901,  where, 
on  page  795,  it  is  stated  of  Diplodonta  orbella  that  "It  is  the  habit 
of  the  animal  to  form  a  sort  of  nest  of  sand  and  adventitious  mat- 
ter, cemented  by  mucus,  with  long  tubular  openings,  the  whole 
of  irregular  form,  but  completely  concealing  the  inmate."  No 
picture  is  given.  Josiah  Keep,  in  the  latter  editions  of  the  "West 
Coast  Shells"  (1904,  1911  and  the  1935  edition  revised  by  Dr. 
Joshua  Daily),  repeats  this  statement  in  almost  identical  words, 
adding  the  words  "for  the  siphons,"  so  that  Ball's  original  de- 
scription now  runs  "with  long  tubular  openings  for  the  siphons." 
Charles  R.  Orcutt's  "Molluscan  World"  of  1915,  which  contains 
so  many  valuable  observations  on  moUuscan  life,  did  not  mention 
the  Diplodonta-nest. 

The  first  picture  of  such  a  Diplodonta-coverhii^  appeared  in 
John.son  and  Snook's  "Seashore  Animals  of  the  Pacific  Coast" 
in  1027 ;  the  text  accompanying  figure  416,  on  page  438,  states 
"This  species  forms  a  protecting  covering  of  sand  cemented  by 
mucus.  The  covering  has  long  tube-like  extensions  in  which  the 
siphons  lie,  so  that  the  mollusk  is  quite  hidden."  The  2nd  edi- 
tion of  the  "Seashore  Animals  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  from  1935," 
literally  repeats  this  statement.  Keen  and  Frizzell,  1935,  men- 
tion only  "nests"  in  connection  with  Diplodonta  orbclla.  No 
further  literature  on  this  subject  has  come  to  my  knowledge. 


112  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

Thus  by  way  of  a  resume,  our  knowledge  of  the  Diplodonta- 
nest  consists  of  a  rather  vague  description  and  of  a  single  picture. 
This  picture  shows  the  partly  broken  covering  exhibiting  two  long 
posterior  extensions  in  which,  according  to  the  descriptions  given 
by  Keep  and  by  Johnson  and  Snook,  the  siphons  lie.  But  this 
explanation  cannot  be  correct,  at  least  concerning  the  specimen 
shown  in  my  photograph,  in  which  there  is  a  third  though  shorter 
posterior  extension,  and  no  bivalve  with  three  siphons  is  known ! 
A  still  closer  inspection  of  the  specimen  reveals  the  fact  that  the 
three  extensions  are  not  hollow  tubes  at  all,  but  incrusted  stalks 
of  seaweeds ;  they  cannot  be,  therefore,  protective  coverings  of 
the  siphon.  They  may  be  regarded  as  mooring  ropes  of  the  shell- 
covering,  as  a  kind  of  protection  against  the  shifting  action  of 
the  waves.  Nests  with  this  structure  constitute  the  most  abun- 
dant type ;  they  all  exhibit  extensions,  variable  in  number  and  of 
variable  length,  which  either  still  contain  the  stalks  of  seaweed  or 
are  hollow  when  their  original  axis  of  vegetable  matter  has  become 
disintegrated.  This  type  of  nest  is  built  from  a  felt-like  material 
containing  practically  no  mineral  particles  and  consisting  \)Yoh- 
ably  of  disintegrated  plant  fibers,  kept  together  by  a  cementing 
secretion  of  the  animal.  This  type  of  nest  may  be  found  loose 
in  holes  and  crevices  of  rocks  or  in  empty  bivalve  shells  in  which 
they  practically  fill  out  the  shole  space  between  the  living 
Diplodonta  and  the  dead  shell  used  as  a  shelter. 

Besides  the  type  of  Diplodonta-nest  just  described,  a  rarer 
one  may  be  found  which  corresponds  much  more  closely  to  the 
descriptions  cited  above.  Two  specimens  of  Diplodonta  orhcUa 
in  coverings  of  cemented  sand  exhibit  two  long  posterior  exten- 
sions wliich  correspond  in  position  with  the  sijihons  of  the  en- 
closed animal.  These  extensions,  however,  are  not  hollow  either, 
or  at  least  are  not  originally  hollow  but  certainly  are  incrustations 
of  stalks  of  j)hint  material  also!  Thus  tlic  ex]ilanation  of  these 
extensions  of  siphon-coverings,  originated  by  Keep  and  carried 
along  by  Johnson  and  Snook,  cannot  be  maintained  and  has  to  be 
given  up  in  favor  of  their  tentative  explanation,  as  anchoring 
ropes,  as  a  protection  against  the  action  of  tiie  waves. 

My  conclusions  had  come  thus  far,  when  it  occurred  to  me 
that  some  iiiforiiKitioii  about  the  h-iigth  and  the  general  structure 


April,  1942]  the  nautilus  113 

of  the  /)/;)/or/oN/(7-siphnn  niijrht  be  important.  It  certainly  vas 
important,  for  tlie  information  I  found  in  Dall's  words  (1!)01,  p. 
795)  is  as  follows:  "There  are  two  entire  siphonal  orifices,  with- 
out siphons."  "Where  there  are  no  siphons,  no  siphonal  coverinps 
are  needed  ;  thus  the  explanation  of  the  nest  extensions  as  sijjhonal 
tubes  is  entirely  baseless. 

In  all  the  eases  ^vhich  came  to  my  observation,  the  Diplodonfa- 
covering  seems  to  consist  of  two  halves  corresponding  to  the  two 
valves  of  the  shell,  opening  at  the  ventral  side  and  united  at  the 
dorsal  side  of  the  animal.  Nothing  is  known  as  yet  of  the  way  in 
which  Diplodonta  orhella  constructs  its  two  kinds  of  coverings, 
though  it  ought  not  be  too  difficult  to  watch  its  construction  in  an 
aquarium.  It  is  hoped  that  my  paper  may  stimulate  some  "West 
Coast  malacologist  to  study  this  interesting  problem. 

I  mentioned  above  that  the  myid  bivalve  Cooper ella  suh- 
diaphana  Carpenter  also  has  the  habit  of  constructing  a  protective 
covering.  I  have  not  found  one  myself,  but  I  saw  specimens  both 
in  the  Los  Angeles  Museum  and  in  the  Stanford  University  Col- 
lection. To  the  best  of  my  knowledge.  Keen  and  Frizzell  (1935, 
p.  23)  are  the  first  to  mention  the  Cooperella-covering,  describing 
it  as  a  "nest  of  agglutinated  sand" ;  but  no  picture  of  the  object 
has  ever  been  published.  The  dried  covering  is  rather  solid; 
it  is  closed  all  around,  leaving  only  a  slit  on  the  posterior  extrem- 
ity open  for  the  communication  of  the  inmate  with  the  outer 
world. 


COLLECTING  IN  MEXICO 
By  A.  SORENSEN 

On  my  three  trips  to  Guaymas,  Mexico,  for  the  purpose  of 
studying  and  collecting  specimens  of  the  wonderfully  ample 
marine  life  there  I  made  a  number  of  observations,  which  may  be 
worth  recording.  As  a  collecting  place  of  marine  life  Guaymas 
can  hardly  be  excelled  for  it  has  all  the  different  kinds  of  shore 
fronts  from  sandy  beaches  to  rocky  stretches  and  offshore  islands. 
Besides  these  the  ^liramar  Lagoon,  San  Carlos  Bay,  Esterro 
Soldado  and  San  Ramon  Bay  furnish,  at  low  tides,  sand  spits, 
mud  flats  and  large  sand  bars,  all  easily  accessible  by  auto. 


114  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

The  gastropods  here  vary  in  size  from  the  minute  Olivella  dama 
to  the  12  to  13  inch  Fasiolaria  princeps,  and  hundreds  of  other 
species  between  in  size.  The  sandbars  are  so  well  stocked  with 
many  species  of  bivalves  that  they  furnish  ample  food  for  the 
multitude  of  gastropods  that  feed  on  them,  as  well  as  making 
excellent  clam  chowder  for  persons  that  will  dig  them. 

One  thing  readily  noticed  as  one  visits  this  district  at  different 
times  of  the  year  is  the  preponderance  of  one  species ;  say  during 
January,  of  another  more  prominent  during  February  and  March 
and  still  another  in  the  warmer  month  of  May.  These  have  been 
my  only  months  of  visit  for  after  that  it  gets  too  hot  for  comfort. 
For  instance:  in  February  1940  there  were  many  Stromhus 
gracilior  washed  up  on  the  sandy  beach  at  Miramar.  In  May 
1941  there  were  none  to  be  found  anywhere  and  dredging  in 
from  five  to  ten  fathoms  brought  only  a  few;  they  had,  no  doubt, 
retreated  to  deeper  and  cooler  water.  In  Januarj^  1942  they 
were  on  the  beach  and  on  the  sandbars  literally  by  the  thous- 
ands. 

That  is  only  one  of  many  similar  cases.  In  May  1941  the 
Mnrex  hicolor,  the  white  murex  that  is  so  beautifully  rose-colored 
inside,  was  so  plentiful  in  10  to  12  feet  of  water  that  a  common 
hoop  crab-net  set  from  the  boat-wharf  and  baited  with  a  dead  fish 
enticed  more  than  fifty  in  one  night  into  the  trap.  What  a  scent 
they  must  have.  This  year  in  January  there  were  few,  if  any, 
off  shore,  but  the  sand  bars  in  the  bays  anl  lagoons  were  alive  with 
them.  Here  they  dig  down  in  the  sand  and  travel  below  the 
surface  until  they  find  a  clam  which  they  generally  bring  up. 
If  the  clam  does  not  open  soon  enough  to  suit  them  they  chip  the 
lips  of  both  valves  enough  to  make  a  small  opening  and  then  suck 
them  out.  Many  instances  were  observed  of  this  actually  being 
done. 

In  most  cases  they  preferred  a  waiting  game.  Often  two 
murices,  generally  Murvx  nifirifiis,  the  black  one,  had  hold  of  one 
clam,  one  on  each  side  firmly  atlacliod  by  suction.  At  times  other 
hungry  ones  were  attracted  ami  I  have  twice  counted  five  murices 
all  attempting  to  have  a  taste  of  one  clam,  and  that  while  the 
clam  was  still  closed  and  alive. 

While  the  murices  depend  on  waiting  or  on  chipping  their 


April,  1942]  the  nautilus  115 

prey,  the  polinices  and  naticas  depend  on  drill in<jr  a  hole  in  one  of 
the  valves,  generally  near  the  hinge.  I  could  jro  on  j;ivin<i:  exam- 
ples of  variation  of  the  fauna  present  at  different  times,  but  I 
will  just  mention  one  more,  TurriteUa  goniostoma.  In  February 
and  ^lay  of  previous  visits  they  were  almost  non-existent  there 
except  for  the  empty  shells  many  of  which  had  drilled  holes 
showinfr  their  fate,  but  this  year  in  January,  in  San  Carlos  Bay, 
they  were  spawning,  and  from  a  dozen  up  would  be  crawling  in  a 
limited  space.  They  deposit  a  gelatinous  string  a  half  inch  in 
diameter  and  more  than  twelve  inches  long,  throughout  which 
the  large  eggs  show  plainly. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  mollusks,  like  fishes,  migrate  to  their 
spawning  grounds,  thus  accounting  for  their  absence  or  abun- 
dance at  various  seasons.  But  this  is  not  always  understood  by 
amateur  collectors  who  often  complain  about  their  lack  of  luck. 

Much  could  also  be  said  about  the  ecology  of  the  different 
species.  Some  dwell  on  the  sea  floor,  some  on  or  among  the  rocks, 
and  some  in  the  sand.     But  that  would  be  another  story. 


OBSERVATIONS  UPON  A  FLORIDA  FORM  OF 
VIVIPARUS 

By  CALVIN  GOODRICH 

Mr.  T.  Van  Hyning  of  the  Florida  State  Museum  recently 
sent  me  Viviparus  georgianus  form  walkeri  (Pilsbry  and  John- 
son), containing  soft  parts,  that  had  been  taken  in  Sante  Fe 
River,  Alachua  County,  Florida,  on  May  22,  1941.  It  was  a  sim- 
ple matter  to  separate  the  sexes — in  the  case  of  females  mostly 
by  the  presence  of  ova  and  embryos,  in  that  of  the  males  by  the 
tentacles,  one  of  which  is  a  generative  organ.  The  sending  was 
made  up  of  447  specimens.  The  females  numbered  358,  the  males 
89.  This  is  almost  exactly  four  females  to  one  male,  or  put  an- 
other way,  80.0  per  cent  females  and  19.9  per  cent  males. 

In  the  course  of  a  detailed  study  of  V.  hengalensis  (Lamarck), 
Annandale  and  Sewell  (1921)  found  that  the  sexes  of  a  single 
year's  brood  were  "roughly"  four  females  and  one  male.  A 
report  upon  V.  crassiis  (Hutton)  from  which  these  authors  quote 


116  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

gives  a  ratio  of  approximately  three  females  to  two  males.  Van 
Cleave  and  Lederer  (1932),  using  V.  contectoides  Binney  as  their 
material,  met  with  a  similar  ascendancy  of  females  over  males  in 
seven  samples.  In  two  other  samples,  however,  there  were  more 
males  than  females.  In  the  whole  nine  samples,  the  ratio  of 
females  to  males  varied  from  0.28 : 1  to  3.38 : 1. 

Still,  the  authors  are  not  inclined  to  believe  the  sexual  in- 
equality to  be  the  rule.  "From  all  the  data  before  us,"  they 
have  written,  "it  seems  that  at  birth  the  two  sexes  are  present  in 
equal  numbers.  By  midsummer  the  longer  life  span  of  the 
females  [which  they  were  able  to  demonstrate]  has  the  cumulative 
effect  of  producing  a  preponderance  of  females  in  the  ratio  of  1 
male :  1.3  or  1.4  females.  By  late  fall  or  midsummer  the  older 
males  die  off,  leaving  the  young  males  of  the  preceding  period  of 
parturition.  By  this  elimination  of  males,  the  cumulative  effect 
of  simultaneous  existence  of  two  or  three  generations  of  females 
continues  to  magnify  the  advantage  of  the  females  in  the  ratio 
until  there  may  be  two  or  three  females  to  a  single  male.  This 
condition  persists  until  the  following  spring,  when  the  new  brood, 
again  with  equivalent  numbers  of  the  two  sexes,  brings  back  the 
male  ratio  to  the  proportion  characteristic  of  midsummer." 

It  might  well  be  that  the  sexual  disproportion  observed  by  sev- 
eral persons,  including  Van  Cleave  and  Lederer,  has  been  due  to 
faulty  sampling  or  collecting,  to  differences  in  viability  or  even 
to  a  certain  habit  of  secretiveness  on  the  part  of  tiie  males.  Yet 
before  that  is  admitted  without  dispute,  two  facts,  surely  having 
a  bearing  on  the  case,  should  be  considered.  One  is  that 
Campeloma,  related  to  Viviparus,  has  a  sexual  inequality,  that  is 
admitted  and  notorious,  and  is  wholly  convincing  to  anyone  who 
sets  out  to  find  a  male;  the  other,  that  the  anatomy,  and  hence  the 
physiology,  of  a  freshwater  genus  of  gastropods  are  much  alike. 
So  a  sexual  disproportion  in  Campeloma  tends  to  support  a  be- 
lief in  real  sexual  dis-proportion  in  Viripnrna. 

That  females  in  Viviparusf  reach  a  greater  size  than  males  has 
been  noted  by  Annandale  and  Sewell  as  also  Van  Cleave  and 
Lederer,  and  the  former  authors  pointed  out  that  this  was  ob- 
served by  Li.ster  in  16f)5  in  the  instance  of  V.  viviparus.  Exact 
measurements  of  the  height  of  V.  gcorgianus  form  walkeri  could 


April,    l!m2]  THE   NAUTILUS  117 

not  be  imulo  because  the  spires  ot"  all  the  older  shells  of  the  Van 
llyiiinj;  seiulinf?  were  eroded.  As  an  alternative,  an  index  of 
obesity  was  calculated  by  dividinfr  the  hei};ht  of  the  last  three 
whorls  by  the  diameter.  In  twenty  females,  the  averajre  index 
was  86.1  per  cent ;  in  twenty  males,  87.4.  It  would  appear  from 
this  that  proportionally  males  were  about  as  obese  as  females. 
Xevertheless.  the  diameter  of  the  largest  female  was  24  mm.,  and 
that  of  the  largest  male  20.50.  As  Call  (1888)  learned  that 
female  Campeloma  suhsolidum  (Anthony)  was  larger  than  the 
male  shell,  thirty-six  specimens  of  each  sex  being  chosen  for 
measurement,  it  may  be  suspected  that  a  greater  gross  bulk  in 
females  over  males  is  common  throughout  the  Viviparidae.  The 
smallest  female  walker i  from  Sante  Fe  River  that  was  found  with 
eggs  was  of  four  whorls,  the  spire  entire.  Its  altitude  was  20 
mm.,  diameter  17.50  mm.  In  all  likelihood  it  had  come  to  sexual 
maturity  and  was  bearing  young  within  a  year  of  its  own  birth. 
Eighty-eight  eggs  and  embryos  were  counted  in  a  female 
walker i.  This  may  be  compared  with  findings  by  Crabb  (1929) 
of  130  eggs  in  a  specimen  of  V.  contectoides  and  an  average  of 
eighty-six  plus  in  eight  examples  of  introduced  V.  malleatus. 
As  the  raarsupium  of  Vivipariis  is  a  sort  of  assembly  line  starting 
with  undeveloped  ova,  grading  to  embryos  and  then  on  to  young 
ready  for  discharge,  the  line  sometimes  crowded  and  sometimes 
not,  such  counts,  one  may  suppose,  are  bound  to  vary  a  great  deal. 
V.  contectoides  under  the  observation  of  Dr.  Crabb  was  discharg- 
ing eggs  and  embryos  at  the  end  of  March.  Females  of  walkeri 
gorged  with  eggs  and  juveniles  were  collected  about  two  months 
later  than  this.  Van  Cleave  and  Lederer  learned  that  "the  most 
active  period  of  liberating  young"  contectoides  "seems  to  fall  in 
the  months  of  ]\Iareh  and  April  in  central  Illinois"  and,  in  New 
York,  "from  some  time  in  March  to  June."  As  young  of  the 
Florida  shells  taken  in  May  were  ready  for  liberation,  if  actually 
.some  had  not  been  going  through  that  cour.se  already,  it  is  perhaps 
impossible — on  the  basis  of  data  from  four  widely  separated  local- 
ities— to  be  confident  that  climatic  conditions  decide  the  times  of 
discharge.  Very  young  embryos  of  walkeri  are  thin,  crystalline 
white  and  transparent;  those  about  to  be  extruded  dark  reddish 
brown  and  relativelj'  thick.     No  trace  of  revolving  color  bands 


118  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

was  seen  in  any  of  the  embryos,  but  this  may  have  been  due  to  the 
preserving  liquid  which  first  was  formalin  and  then  alcohol.  The 
largest  measured  embryo  was  of  three  and  one-eighth  whorls  and 
had  a  diameter  of  6  mm.,  an  altitude  of  4.30  mm. 

A  generic  character  of  Viviijarus  is  a  row  or  rows  of  epidermal 
elevations  broken  into  projections  that  sometimes  are  of  such 
prominence  as  to  constitute  bristles.  Embryos  of  walkeri  two 
whorls  in  size  have  ten  to  twelve  such  lirations  above  the  periph- 
ery, as  many  or  more  below  it  which  are  less  sharply  defined. 
Forty-five  of  these  lines  were  counted  in  an  adult  example.  It 
required  manipulations  of  lighting  on  Dr.  Annandale's  part  to 
make  out  ridges  in  the  shell  material  of  hengalensis  corresponding 
to  those  in  the  epidermis,  but  in  several  individuals  of  walkeri  this 
basic  sculpture  proved  to  be  quite  plain  even  without  magnifica- 
tion. Recently,  Campeloma  of  some  upper  Michigan  localities 
was  found  to  retain  lirations  into  adolescent  age  just  as  V. 
walkeri  of  Sante  Fe  River  does  much  longer.  It  may  be  that 
environmental  conditions  govern  in  the  matter. 

Of  the  358  females  of  walkeri,  242,  or  67.6  per  cent,  had  revolv- 
ing color  bands.  The  rest  were  without  signs  of  them.  The 
banded  males  were  62,  or  69.6  per  cent  of  this  sex.  Seemingly, 
then,  there  is  no  correlation  between  sex  and  banding.  The 
shells  having  the  deepest  ground  color  were  the  very  young  to 
those  half-grown.  This  color  tends  to  fade  in  the  mature  and 
there  is  besides  some  reduction  of  pigmentation  which  is  due  to 
abrasion. 

References 

Annandale   and   Sewell,    The    Banded    Pond-Snail    of    India, 

Records  of  the  Indian  Museum,  22,  1921.  217-292.  pi.  1-3. 
Call,  R.  E.,  On  the  Gross  Anatomv  of  Campeloma,  American 

Naturalist.  22,  1888.  491-97.  pi.* 7. 
Crabb,  E.  D.',  Egg  Laying  and  Birth  of  Young  in  Three  Species 

of  Viviparidae,  Nautilus.  42.  1929.  125-29. 
Van  Cleave,  II.  J.,  and  Lt'dwio  (J.  Lederkr,  Studios  on  the  Life 

Cycle   of   the    Snail,    Viviparus    Contectoides,    Journal    of 

Morphology,  53,  1932.  499-522. 


April.    1!»4-|  THE    NAUTILUS  119 

CERTAIN  REMARKS  ABOUT  LABELS 
By  CALVIN  GOODRICH 

Among  shells  recently  received  from  Mr.  C.  S.  Shoup,  of  Ten- 
nessee, were  specimens  having  a  label  that,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
terse  locality  data,  bears  the  information,  "This  is  at  the  site  of 
'^laggie's  Mill,'  wiiere  the  song,  'When  You  and  I  Were  Young 
Maggie,'  was  written." 

The  occasions  upon  which  anyone  similarly  has  taken  the 
trouble  to  record  a  casual  observation  or  an  incident  or  to  register 
comment  are  so  rare  in  my  experience  that  I  think  I  can  remem- 
ber all  that  ever  have  met  my  eyes.  Labels  long  ago  became  con- 
ventionalized or  ritualized  into  something  as  arid  and  stark  as  a 
military  communique.  It  might  seem  to  a  person  who  for  the 
first  time  saw  a  hundred  or  two  of  the  things  that  when  it  came  to 
label-writing  the  ink  of  the  fountain  pen  was  at  the  point  of 
exhaustion  or  that  the  pencil  used  was  a  borrowed  one  the  owner 
whereof  was  snatching  away.  Orthography  at  the  moment  is 
afflicted  with  cramp.     The  occasions  aforementioned  are : 

With  his  types  of  Melania  hrcvispira,  Mr.  J.  G.  Anthony  made 
the  notation,  "New  species  det.  when  I  was  blind,  by  touch 
alone." 

A  label  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Calkins  reads  as  from  the  "Battle  Field  of 
Chickamauga,  near  which  on  the  second  day  of  the  battle  I  was 
wounded." 

Dr.  James  Lewis  for  once  avoiding  a  decision  on  a  perplexing 
specimen,  put  down,  "What  the  hell,  who  can  tell?" 

These  exceptions  to  a  general  tongue-tied  rule  have  been  found 
refreshing  and  interesting  and  to  some  degree  stimulating,  and 
I  am  bold  enough  to  think  that  this  would  prove  the  case  with 
others  than  myself.  Small  adventures  occur  on  even  short  col- 
lecting expeditions.  A  person  comes  unexpectedly  upon  such 
bits  of  local  pride  as  Mr.  Shoup  did.  A  farmer  who  wants  to  know 
what  in  blazes  you  are  doing  on  his  land  may  end  by  insisting  that 
you  come  to  dinner.  Sometimes  even  the  wealthy  pre-emptors  of 
government-owned  beaches  turn  out  equally  as  hospitable.  Word 
of  mouth  accounts  of  the  happenings  go  with  the  winds.  Suppose 
now  that  Dr.  Walker,  home  after  a  trip  into  the  low  grounds 


120  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

south  of  Detroit,  had  pencilled  a  label,  "Lost  a  boot  this  day  in  the 
mud  of  a  slough,"  or  that  Dr.  Ortmann  had  thus  commemorated 
an  event,  "Obtained  these  shells  by  the  grace  of  moonshiners  who 
first  mistook  me  for  a  revenue  officer  and  were  in  mind  to  deal 
with  me  accordingly,"  or,  again,  that  Mr.  Clench  had  chronicled, 
"Here  I  broke  a  rib  pulling  Okkelberg  out  of  the  water" — these 
real  and,  in  the  telling,  pleasurably  exciting  occurrences  would 
not  have  been  lost  to  that  part  of  conchological  history  which  in 
particular  is  of  human  interest. 

Mr.  E.  B.  Williamson  collected  fresh-water  clams  before  he  did 
dragon-flies,  and  so  an  incident  of  his  career  can  be  tugged  into 
this  argument.  He  went  out  from  Pittsburgh  to  an  upstream  part 
of  the  Allegheny  River  in  the  period  in  which  railroads  promoted 
Sunday  excusions.  Careful  of  a  new  pair  of  trousers,  he  changed 
into  overalls  behind  a  bush.  On  the  river,  he  recognized  a  species 
of  dragon-fly  which  he  knew  to  be  represented  in  museums  by 
only  two  specimens.  All  day  he  slopped  up  and  down  the  shal- 
lows and  bars.  All  day  he  swung  his  insect  net  like  a  gesticulating 
senator.  He  whooped  elation  over  a  catch  and  cursed  the  ones 
that  got  by  him.  He  was  in  the  state  of  mind  that  Tom  McGinty 
would  be  on  his  Florida  shore  had  Tom  tripped  over  one  of  Cap- 
tain Kidd's  treasure  chests.  A  toot  of  the  locomotive  whistle 
brought  "Williamson  back  to  the  train,  loath  to  depart.  Halfway 
home,  he  discovered  that  he'd  left  his  trousers  in  their  hiding 
place.  Surely,  his  labels  would  have  been  enriched  if  he  had  gone 
beyond  details  of  locality  and  the  prescribed  entomological  mem- 
oranda and  written,  "This  is  the  spot  where  I  lost  my  pants." 


FOUR  NEW  GASTROPODS  FROM  THE  GULF  OF 
CALIFORNIA 

By  J.  WYATT  DURHAM 

A  Contribution   from   the  Miiscnim  of   Paleontology,  University  of 

California,  Berkeley,  California 

On  the  cruise  of  the  E.  W.  Scripps  to  the  Gulf  of  California, 
in  the  fall  of  1940,  a  number  of  niollusca  were  collected  in  snapper 
samples  and  cores  from  various  depths.     These  mollusks  were 


April,  1942]  the  nautilus  121 

identified  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Strong  of  Los  Angeles  who  suggested  that 
the  present  author  undertake  the  descriptions  of  the  following 
new  species.     Mr.  Strong's  help  is  gratefully  acknowledged. 

From  locality  A  3599,  in  Sal  Si  Puedes  Channel  between  the 
San  Lorenzo  Islands  and  Peninsula  of  Lower  California,  Trophon 
lorctizoensis  n.  sp.  and  T.  diazi  n.  sp.  were  brought  up  in  the  mud 
on  a  mushroom  anchor  from  a  depth  of  860  fathoms.  They  were 
associated  with  Crassinella  varians  (Carpenter),  Pecten  per- 
nomus  Hertlein,  Solemya  panamensis  Dall,  Tellina  paziana  Dall, 
Cypreoliua  margaritula  (Carpenter),  Turhonilla  {Strioturhon- 
illaf)  sp.  indet.  and  Cadidus  panamensis  Sharp  and  Pilsbry. 
This  locality  is  apparently  an  isolated  deep  basin  with  a  sill  at 
a  depth  of  about  150  fathoms.  The  bottom  temperature  is  over 
11°  C.  whereas  the  normal  temperature  for  this  depth  in  the  open 
Gulf  is  close  to  4°  C.  From  the  data  obtained  at  this  station  it 
appeared  that  there  is  a  bottom  current  of  at  least  one  half  knot 
per  hour.  It  is  possible  that  the  new  species  may  be  endemic  to 
this  basin,  being  isolated  by  the  surrounding  shallow  water. 

Vitrinella  tiburonensis  n.  sp.  was  collected  in  393  meters  depth 
at  loc.  A  3634,  lat.  28°  46.8'  N,  long.  112°  51.3'  W,  west  of  Tiburon 
Island.  It  was  associated  with  Phacoides  mazatlanica  Carpenter, 
Sphenia  sp.,  Tellina  sp.,  Acteocina  smirna  Dall,  Alvania  monser- 
ratensis  Baker,  Hanna  and  Strong,  Cyclostrema  sp.  indet.,  Del- 
phinoidea  cf.  spiritualis  Baker,  Hanna  and  Strong,  Delphinoidea 
sp.,  Epitonium  appressicostatum  Dall?,  Scissilahra  sp.  indet., 
and  Turhonilla  (Strioturbonilla)  n.  sp. 

Vitrinella  guaymasensis  n.  sp.  was  associated  with  the  follow- 
ing species : 

Guavmas    Conception  Bay 
A  3603     A  3627     A  3628 

Acra  nux  Sowerby  x  x 

Chione  gnidia   (Broderip  and  Sow- 
erby)           X 

Corhnla  nuciformis  Sowerby  x 

Cuspidaria  dulcis  PiLsbry  and  Lowe  x 

Laevicardium  elcnense  (Sowerby)  ...  x 

Pecten  circularis  Sowerby  x 

Acteocina  carinata  (Carpenter)  x  x  x 

Alahina  diomedae  Bartsch  x  x  x 

Caecum  firmatum  Adams  x  x 


122  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

Guavmas    Conception  Bav 
A  3603     A  3627     A  3628 

Circulus   cerrosensis   Bartseh x 

Crepidula  sp x 

Cylichna     defuncta     Barker      and 

Hanna   x  x 

Cyclostrema  cf.  xantusi  Bartseh  x 

Epitonium  sp X 

Iselica  maculosa  (Carpenter)  x  x 

Mangelio  sp x 

Melanella  cf.  ahreojosensis  Bartseh  x 

Nassarius    versicolor    (Adams) x 

Odostomia     (Besla)     convexa    Car- 
penter    X  X 

Odostomia    (Chrysallida)     telescop- 

ium  Carpenter x  x  x 

Odostomia  ?  sp x 

Pyramidella    (Triptychus)    hermosa 

Lowe    x 

Retusa  luticola  Adams  x 

Tiirhonilla    (Bartschella)    suhangu- 

lata  Carpenter  x 

Turhonilla    (Chemnitzia)    muricata 

Carpenter    x 

Volvulella  cylindrica  Carpenter  ?  ...  x 

Cadulus     panamensis     Sharp     and 

Pilsbry    x  x 

Locality  A  3603  is  from  a  depth  of  4  meters,  localities  A  3627 
and  A  3628  from  depths  of  26  meters. 

Most  of  the  specimens  from  localities  A  3603.  A  3627,  A  3628 
and  A  3634  are  of  small  size,  falling  in  the  general  size  range 
often  called  "submegascopic." 

The  description  of  the  new  species  follows : 

Tropiion  (Boreotrophon)  diazi  n.  sp.     PI.  8,  figs.  3.  4. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  over  four  whorls  (nuclear  missing), 
spire  of  medium  height,  anterior  canal  moderately  long  and  nar- 
r(t\v;  early  whorls  slightly  tabulate,  body  whorl  rounded;  i)en- 
ultimatc  whorl  with  seven  rounded  sj^iral  ril)s  below  the  tabula- 
tion, interspaces  slightly  smaller,  two  upi)er  spiral  ribs  slightly 
smaller  than  reiuaiiuler ;  about  14  moderately  distinct  axial  ribs 
on  i)enultimate  whorl,  beginning  just  below  suture  and  directed 
posteriorly  on  the  tabulation,  producing  a  small  node  on  the  augu- 


Till-:  .\.\!  TIMS:  :,:,  (4) 


I 'LATH  s 


;>^' 


4iC 


10 


.i#  ^ 


17 


/r,..w  ^^  ,'  "••  ^'"l'>""'  '•"■•"-'"  "-'-^  >i.  s|,.  1.7,  li.,l„lv|.,-.  FiKs.  ;J.  4,  7-/M/yA,>«  (/>■<><><>- 
ro/,.r.„,  ,/,nr,  „.  sp.  .  l.<.  l,„l„f.v,H..  FifTs.  r,.  9,  i;{,  ntrinrlln  I ihunnnnsi.s  „.  si.  ■  l", 
nolotypi'.  Figs,  (i,  10,  14,  fitrinrlla  f/iitii/wfi.sni.si.s  n.  sj..  •  l."..  liolotvpc.  P'igs  7  H  1.5' 
and  8,  12.  16,  Vitnmlht  r/,H,,/w„.s,  nsi.s  n.  sp.  ■  1.',,  pnnitvpcs.  Figs.  17.  18,  dyraiilus 
cressnuun  n.  sp.,  t.vpe  and  paratyi.i-.     Fig.  lit,  /'araphnh/.r  ,,„rl.;inli  mmu/nto  n    siil.sp 


April,  1942]  thk  nautilus  123 

latitMi  and  tlioii  directed  anteriorly  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
whorl,  boi'oniin^'  ohsolesi-ent  about  half  way  to  the  suture;  last 
half  of  body  whorl  with  axial  ribs  replaced  by  irre<rular  heavy 
^Towth  lines;  suture  abutting;  body  whorl  with  about  12  spiral 
ribs,  not  extending  down  onto  the  anterior  canal  which  is  smooth  ; 
aperture  ovate,  anterior  canal  of  moderate  length,  not  rcfiexed, 
lower  end  rather  stpiare ;  inside  of  outer  lip  smooth,  a  slight  callus 
wash  on  the  columella. 

Dimensions  of  holotype:  height  25.9  mm.,  diameter  of  body 
whorl  13.0  mm.,  length  of  aperture  and  anterior  canal  18.4  mm. 

Holotype :  Univ.  Calif.  Mus.  Paleo.  no.  14800,  loc.  A  3599. 

Occurrence:  loe.  A  3599,  Sal  Si  Puedes  Channel,  between  the 
San  Lorenzo  Islands  and  the  Peninsula  of  Lower  California, 
depth  860  fathoms. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  at  first  confused  with  T.  lorcn- 
zoensis  n.  sp.,  assuming  that  the  varices  of  that  species  has  been 
worn  off.  However,  detailed  examination  reveals  that  the  num- 
ber of  spiral  ribs  is  greater,  the  spire  is  higher,  the  anterior  canal 
is  slightly  shorter  and  not  reflexed,  and  the  spiral  ribs  do  not 
extend  onto  the  anterior  canal.  It  is  possible  that  this  species 
should  be  refered  to  some  other  genus. 

Trophon  lorexzoensis  n.  sp.     PI.  8,  figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  about  four  whorls,  including  partially 
eroded  nuclear  whorls  (slightly  over  one  whorl)  ;  spire  of  medium 
height,  upper  surface  of  whorls  tabulate,  sides  rounded;  pen- 
ultimate whorl  with  three  rounded  spiral  ribs  about  as  wide  as 
their  interspaces,  post  nuclear  whorl  with  two  spiral  ribs,  the 
third  being  intercalated  at  about  the  beginning  of  the  third 
whorl ;  body  and  penultimate  whorl  with  moderately  prom- 
inent lamellar  varices,  22  in  number  on  the  body  whorl;  varices 
with  a  small  "spine"  on  the  angulation  at  the  edge  of  the  tabu- 
lation, accenting  the  angle;  21  spiral  ribs  on  the  body  whorl  ex- 
tending down  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  anterior  canal;  anterior 
canal  very  long,  slightly  reflexed  posteriorly,  tip  somewhat 
pointed;  aperture  ovate,  outer  lip  with  8  grooves  corresponding 
to  the  spiral  ribs  on  the  surface;  inner  lip  covered  with  a  callus 
wash. 

Dimensions  of  holotype:  height  23.3  mm.,  diameter  of  body 
whorl  11  mm.,  length  of  aperture  and  anterior  canal  18.5  mm.; 
of  paratype,  height  12.3  mm.,  diameter  of  body  whorl  6.5  mm., 
length  of  aperture  and  anterior  canal  9.4  mm. 


124  THE  NAUTILUS  [VoL.  55  (4) 

Holotype :  Univ.  Calif.  Mus.  Paleo.  no.  14798,  loc.  A  3599 ;  para- 
type  no.  14799,  loc.  A  3599 ;  a  paratype  in  the  collection  of  A.  M. 
Strong. 

Occurrence:  loc.  A  3599,  Sal  Si  Pnedes  Channel,  between  the 
San  Lorenzo  Islands  and  the  Peninsula  of  Lower  California, 
depth  860  fathoms. 

Remarks. — The  paratype  is  an  immature  specimen  with  the 
lamellar  varices  not  so  well  developed. 

VlTRINELLA   GUAYMASENSIS   U.    Sp.       PI.    8,    figS.    6-8,    10-12,    14-16. 

Shell  minute,  turbinate,  translucent,  rarely  somewhat  porcel- 
laneous; whorls  three  and  three  fourths  to  four,  nuclear  whorls 
not  demarcated,  well  rounded,  ornamented  by  lines  of  growth 
only;  sutures  abutting,  distinct;  umbilicus  large,  extending  to 
apex  of  spire ;  columellar  wall  of  whorls  well  rounded ;  peristome 
complete,  with  a  heavy  callus  on  inner  lip;  aperture  oblique, 
subrounded. 

Dimensions  of  holotype :  diameter  1.6  mm.,  height  1  mm. 

Holotype :  Univ.  Calif.  Mus.  Paleo.  no.  14802,  loc.  A  3627 ;  para- 
types  Univ.  Calif.  Mus.  Paleo.  14803,  loc.  A  3627,  14804,  loc.  A 
3603,  14805,  loc.  A  3603 ;  two  paratypes  from  loc.  A  3627  in  the 
collections  of  A.  M.  Strong. 

Occurrence:  loc.  A  3603,  Guaymas  harbor,  Sonora,  Mexico 
(depth  4  meters)  ;  Iocs.  A  3627,  A  3628,  Conception  Bay,  Lower 
California  (both  from  a  depth  of  26  meters). 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  V.  oldroydi  Bartsch  (Proe. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  32,  pp.  167-168,  figs,  la,  lb,  le,  1907)  by 
having  a  higher  spire  and  abutting  suture.  From  V.  smithi 
Bartsch  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  vol.  70,  Art.  11,  p.  33,  pi.  4,  figs.  6, 
8,  9,  1927)  it  may  be  distinguished  by  having  approximately  four 
whorls,  a  slightly  lower  spire,  and  proportionally  narrower  width 
to  each  whorl. 

VlTRINELLA  TIBURONENSIS  n.  sp.       PI.  8,  figS.  5,  9,  13. 

Shell  minute,  turbinate,  porcellaneous;  whorls  about  four, 
rounded,  ornamented  b^^  growth  lines  only,  nuclear  whorls  not 
demarcated ;  suture  abutting,  distinct,  umbilicus  moderately 
small,  extending  to  aj)ex  of  spire,  columellar  wall  of  whorls  some- 
what flattened;  i)eristonie  complete,  with  a  rather  thin  callus  on 
the  inner  lip;  aperture  oblique,  subrounded,  profile  from  above 
and  below  fairly  straight. 

Dimensions  of  holotype:  diameter  1.9  mm.,  height  1.1  mm. 


April.  1942]  the  nautilus  125 

Holotype:  Univ.  Calif.  Mus.  Paleo.  no.  14801,  loc.  A  3634. 

Occurrence :  loi'.  A  3634,  west  of  Tiburon  Island,  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, (depth  393  meters). 

Remarks. — This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  V.  guay- 
mascnsis  n.  sp.  and  other  Vitrinellas  of  the  Pacific  Coast  by  the 
small  umbilicus  with  fairly  straight  columellar  walls  and  by  the 
relatively  straight  profile  of  the  lip  when  viewed  from  above. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES  ON  THE  FOOD 
OF  THE  LIMPKIN 

By  CLAEENCE  COTTAM 

Because  our  knowledge  of  the  food  of  the  Limpkin  (Aramus 
pictus  pictus)  is  so  fragmentary  and  the  distribution  of  this  in- 
teresting bird  is  so  restricted,  it  seems  desirable  to  report  a  little 
additional  information  that  has  come  to  light.  The  range  of  the 
Limpkin  appears  to  be  so  restricted  and  the  bird  itself  so  un- 
adaptable that  it  could  easily  be  exterminated.  Presumably,  too, 
the  Limpkin  subsists  almost  entirely  upon  one  species  of  gastro- 
pod, Pomacea  paludosa  (Say).^ 

Our  present  knowledge  of  the  food  habits  of  the  bird  has  been 
summarized  by  Bryant  (1859),  Cottam  (1936),  Harper  (1936a, 
1936b,  1941),  and  Howell  (1932). 

Bryant  referred  to  the  Limpkin 's  feeding  on  a  species  of 
Natica  on  Lake  Dexter  or  on  St.  John 's  River  in  Florida,  and  this 
statement  was  quoted  by  Cottam.  Harper  (1941)  has  shown 
that  the  snail  is  probably  the  fresh-water  gastropod,  Viviparus 
georgianus;  noting  that  this  is  a  fresh-water  area ;  Harper  com- 
ments that  Natica,  being  a  marine  mollusk,  could  not  survive  the 
fresh-water  conditions  occurring  there. 

Cottam  reported  upon  the  laboratory  analysis  of  30  birds  col- 

i  Harper  (Nautilus,  vol.  55,  p.  3)  reported  on  "the  apparent  absence  or 
at  least  scarcity  of  Pomacea"  in  Mill  Creek,  Camden  County,  Ga.,  the  only 
regular  habitat  of  the  Limpkin  in  the  state,  as  far  as  known  at  present. 
While  his  paper  was  going  through  the  press,  Pomacea  paludosa  was  finally 
discovered  in  that  creek  by  Messrs.  R.  A.  McLean  and  G.  A.  Coventry,  who 
collected  a  quantity  of  the  mollusks  and  observed  a  number  of  egg-clusters. 
This  find  tends  to  emphasize  the  dependence  of  the  Limpkin  upon  Pomacea. — 
Eds. 


126  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

lected  throughout  the  range  of  the  species  during  a  long  period 
of  years.  He  reported  that  Pomacea  depressa  (paludosa)  con- 
stituted 70  per  cent  of  the  food,  an  undetermined  gastropod — 
probably  largely  or  entirely  Pomacea — made  up  26.66  per  cent, 
Campeloma  formed  3.33  per  cent,  and  plant  fiber  made  up  0.01 
per  cent.  The  percentage  of  Campeloma  was  based  upon  one 
stomach  reported  to  contain  10  of  these  mollusks  as  the  entire 
meal. 

Identification  of  the  gastropods  eaten  by  the  Limpkin  is  diffi- 
cult because  the  bird  takes  none  of  the  shell  of  any  mollusk,  re- 
gardless of  its  small  size.  Consequently,  identification  must  be 
based  upon  the  operculum  (when  it  occurs)  and  upon  the  radula 
or  molluscan  teeth.  The  Campeloma  identification  made  in  1923 
has  lately  been  found  to  be  an  error,  despite  the  fact  that  the 
determination  was  made  by  a  widely  recognized  and  competent 
conchologist.  Recent  re-examination  of  the  stomach  containing 
10  of  these  mollusks  showed  that  the  content  comprised  about  75 
per  cent  of  Pom,acea  paludosa  and  25  per  cent  of  Viviparus,  either 
V.  georgianus  or  V.  walioni.  On  the  basis  of  the  above-men- 
tioned 30  stomachs,  the  percentages  should  have  read:  Pomacea 
paludosa,  72.50  per  cent;  Viviparus  sp.,  0.83  per  cent;  unde- 
termined gastropod  (probably  largely  Pomacea),  26.66  per  cent; 
and  plant  fiber,  0.01  per  cent. 

An  additional  stomach  recently  analyzed  in  the  laboratory  of 
the  U.  S.  Fish  and  Wildlife  Service  showed  the  following  remains : 
many  Pomacea  paludosa,  54  per  cent;  comminuted  filamentous 
algae  (which  appeared  to  have  been  ingested  by  the  snails),  34 
per  cent ;  126  seeds  of  Scirpus  calif  ornicus,  6  per  cent ;  3  fly  larvae 
(Muscidae),  2  per  cent;  6  seeds  of  Cladiiim  jnmaicoise,  2  per 
cent;  3  seeds  of  Ilydrocotyle  sp.,  2  per  cent ;  1  beetle  larva  (Cur- 
culionidae),  trace;  1  scale  of  a  fish,  trace;  1  seed  of  Eleocharis  sp., 
trace ;  1  seed  of  ^parganinm  cunjcarpum,  trace ;  1  seed  of  Verbena 
sp.,  trace;  1  seed  of  Labiatae,  trace;  and  undetermined  vegetable 
fiber,  trace. 

These  analyses  indit-ate  that  some  vegotal)l('  food  (mostly  seeds) 
and  insect  larvae  are  at  times  purposefully  ingested.  Though 
Pomacea  constitutes  the  major  and  staple  food  item,  other  gas- 
tropods are  consuincd  wlicii  the  accustomed  food  is  wanting. 


April,  1942]  THE  nautilus  127 

Dr.  AlexaiultT  Wetmore,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  and  in  charpre  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum, 
has  kindly  submitted  to  the  writer  some  of  his  unedited  field  notes 
describinir  the  method  whereby  the  Limjikin  eats.  The.se  notes 
are  so  illuminating:  that  they  are  quoted  herewith  : 

"Paradise  Key,  Florida.  February  21,  1919. — This  morninfr  I 
spent  another  hour  in  watchin<r  these  birds.  They  fed  on  an  open 
'prairie'  covered  with  a  scanty  jirowth  of  saw  <rrass,  an  openinj; 
that  a  short  time  before  had  been  covered  with  water  and  that  was 
still  boprgry  underfoot.  The  larp:e  fresh-water  snail  Pomacea 
depressa  was  common  here  and  was  embedded  in  the  mud  be- 
neath an  overlying:  mass  of  drying  confervae.  The  limpkins 
walked  about  peering  at  the  surface  or  probing  likely  appearing 
places  with  their  bills.  At  intervals  one  would  locate  a  snail  and 
pull  it  out,  immediately  straightening  up  with  the  shell  held  in  the 
tip  of  the  beak.  After  gazing  around  the  bird  would  bend  down, 
seat  the  shell  in  the  mud,  poke  at  it  for  an  instant  and  then  raise 
the  head  for  a  second.  A  second  period  of  probing  ensued  after 
which  the  head  was  raised  with  animal  in  the  bill  and  the  snail 
was  swallowed. 

"February  23,  1919. — This  morning  I  walked  out  to  investigate 
the  area  where  the  limpkins  had  been  feeding.  From  their  tracks 
still  clearly  shown  in  the  mud  I  was  able  to  figure  out  the  manner 
in  which  this  was  done.  The  birds  walked  along  occasionally 
probing  a  spot  to  a  depth  of  three  or  four  inches  in  search  for 
shells.  When  one  Avas  found  it  was  dragged  out  leaving  a  clean 
round  hole  sometimes  6  inches  deep.  The  bird  then  seated  the 
shell  firmly  in  the  mud  with  the  aperture  directly  up.  The 
sharply  pointed  mandibles  were  w'orked  down  on  either  side  of 
the  operculum  and  it  was  torn  off  and  discarded,  falling  from  one 
to  twelve  inches  away.  This  was  done  as  the  head  was  raised. 
The  .snail  was  then  extracted  and  eaten.  All  this  was  done 
neatly  and  in  the  majority  of  cases  without  marring  the  shell 
though  in  a  few  instances  the  margin  was  chipped  slightly.  These 
opened  shells,  opening  up,  with  the  operculum  lying  a  few  inches 
away,  were  scattered  at  intervals  of  10  to  50  feet  all  over  the 
prairie." 

Laboratory  analysis  shows  that  many  opercula  are  swallowed 
with  the  fleshy  parts  of  the  gastropods,  although  none  of  the  hard, 
calcareous  shell  is  ingested. 

Literature  Cited 
Bryant,  Henry. 

1859.     [Birds  of   East   Florida.]      Proc.    Boston   Soc.   Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  7,  pp.  5-21. 


128  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

CoTTAM,  Clarence. 

1936.    Food  of  the   Limpkin.     Wilson   Bull.,   vol.   48.   pp. 
11-13. 
Harper,  Francis. 

1936a.  The  distribution  of  the  Limpkin  and  its  staple  food. 

The  Oriole,  vol.  1,  pp.  21-23,  1  fig.  1  map. 
1936b.  The  distribution  of  the  Limpkin  and  its  staple  food, 
Pomacea.     The   Nautilus,   vol.   50,   pp.    37-40, 
1  fig.,  1  map.     (A  revised  reprint  of  the  preced- 
ing paper.) 
1941.    Further  notes  on  the  food  of  the  Limpkin.     The 
Nautilus,  vol.  55,  pp.  3-4. 
Howell,  Arthur  H. 

1932.    Florida  bird  life.     Florida  Dept.  Game,  Fresh  Water 
Fish  and  Bur.  Biol.  Surv.,  U.  S.  D.  A.,  pp.  199- 
202. 
Wetmore,  Alexander. 

1941.    Letter  of  November  3. 


NOTES  ON  THE  NAME  LITIOPA  MELANOSTOMA 
RANG  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  SPECIES 

By  KATHERINE  V.  W.  PALMER 

The  use  of  the  name,  "Litiopa  homhyx  or  homhix  Rang,  1829," 
in  present  American  literature  for  L.  melanostoma  Rang,  the 
small  pelagic  gastropod  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts,  is 
is  erroneous,  both  for  the  species  and  author.  Since  the  name  is 
being  used  in  the  latest  checklists  and  manuals^  of  the  two  coasts, 
it  seems  proper  to  call  attention  to  the  misnomer. 

Rang  never  named  a  species  of  Litiopa,  homhyx  or  homhix, 
particularly  in  1829.  In  that  year,  he^  described  the  genus 
Litiopa,  differentiating  two  species  as  new  L.  melanostoma  and 
L.  maculata,  in  that  order  of  description.  L.  melanostoma  has 
priority  in  naming.     Kiener,''  in  1833,  made  further  observations 


1  Dull,  W.  H.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.,  RuU.  112,  1921.  p.  IH.");  Dnll.  W.  H.,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mu8.  Proc,  vol.  70,  no.  2GC^7,  1927,  p.  118;  Oldroyd,  Ida,  Sliolla  West 
Coast  N.  Amer.,  vol.  II,  pt.  Ill,  1927,  p.  72;  .Tolinson,  C.  W..  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,,  Proc.  vol.  40,  No.  1,  19.34,  p.  100;  Smith,  Maxwell,  East  Coast  Marine 
Shells,  1937,  p.  97. 

2  RanR,  P.  H.,  Ann.  Soi.  Nat.,  vol.  16,  Ist  ser.,  1829,  p.  .307. 
sKiener,  L.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  30,  1833,  p.  221. 


xVpril,  1942]  the  nautilus  120 

on  Rank's  g:enus  Litiopa,  deducing  that  the  two  species  of  Rang 
displayed  only  differences  of  sex  and  age.  Accordingly  he  sup- 
pressed the  two  specific  names  of  Rang  "because  they  made  only 
one."  In  place  of  Rang's  names,  Kiener,  "to  recall  the  habitudes 
of  the  animal,"  proposed  the  name  Litiopa  homhix.  In  using  the 
name.  L.  homhix.  one  must  attribute  the  authorship  to  Kiener, 
1833.  In  conformity  with  the  rules  of  modern  nomenclature, 
Kiener's  procedure  is  not  justifiable  and  L.  homhix  falls  in 
synonymy,  in  whole  or  in  part,  with  L.  melajwstoma  Rang  or  L. 
maculata  Rang  unless  by  the  three  figures  given  by  Kiener  for  L. 
homhix,  that  species  is  proven  distinct  from  the  two  of  Rang.  L. 
homhix  and  L.  melanostoma  have  been  frequently  listed  as 
synonymous  and  one  of  Kiener's  figures  illustrates  a  shell  with 
a  "black-margined  aperture."  The  error  usually  continued  is  in 
giving  L.  homhix  priority. 

Apparently  Gray"  occasioned  the  use  of  L.  homhix  Kiener,  in 
1847,  when  designating  it  as  the  type  of  Litiopa.  H.  and  A. 
Adams^  used  the  same  name  but  inadvertently  accredited  the 
species  to  Rang.  The  Adamses  were  followed  by  Chenu,®  Verrill'' 
and  others  writing  in  more  recent  literature.  Dall,^  in  Bulletin 
37,  uses  L.  homhyx,  correctly  crediting  Kiener  for  authorship  and 
some  later  ^^Titers  followed  that  usage. 

The  name  L.  melanostoma  Rang  is  properly  used  in  the  Rept.  of 
the  Challenger  Exp.*  and  in  Tryon's  Manual  but  their  influence 
seems  to  have  been  little  felt  in  American  literature  except  by 
Sumner,**  Hornung  and  Mermod^**  followed  Tryon's  usage  when 


*  Gray,  J.  E.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1847,  p.  155. 

5  Adams,  H.  and  A.,  Genera  Recent  MoUusca,  vol.  I,  1854,  p.  325.  L. 
bombyx  Rang. 

aChenu,  J.  C,  Man.  de  Conch.,  vol.  I,  1859,  p.  304,  fig.;  Tryon,  0.  W., 
Jr.,  Man.  Conch.,  vol.  9,  1887,  p.  281  in  synonymy;  Verrill,  A.  E.,  Conn. 
Acad.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  5,  1882,  p.  523. 

•  Dall,  W.  H.,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  37,  1889,  p.  148;  Mazyck,  W.  G., 
Cat.  Moll.  S.  Carolina,  1913,  p.  15;  Maury,  C.  J.,  Bull.  Amer.  Palcont., 
vol.  9,  No.  38,  1922,  p.  107. 

8  Watson,  R.  B.,  Challenger  Rept.,  Zool.,  vol.  XV,  1886,  p.  572;  Tryon, 
G.  W.,  Jr.,  Man.  Conch.,  vol.  9,  1887,  p.  280,  pi.  53,  figs.  72-75,  78. 

9  Sumner,  F.  B.,  Osburn,  R.  C.  and  Cole,  L.  J.,  Bull.  Bur.  Fisheries,  vol.  31, 
pt.  2,  1913,  p.  720. 

10  Hornung,  A.  and  Mermod,  G.,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Storia  Nat.,  vol.  LII, 
1925,  p.  203;  vol.  LIII,  1928,  p.  120. 


130  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

identifying:  L.  melanostoma  from  the  Red  Sea  and  Thiele  used  it 
so  in  his  Handbuch. 

Rang  did  not  specify  a  type  for  his  genus  Litiopa.  The  first 
direct  designation  of  type  is  apparently  that  of  Nevill,  1884," 
L.  melanostoma  Rang.  Gray,^^  in  1847,  designated  L.  homhix 
Kiener.  Such  a  designation  will  be  the  first  made  indirectly,  if  L. 
homhix  is  synonymous  with  L.  melanostoma  Rang  only,  i.e.,  by 
the  original  illustrations  of  homhix  or  if  L.  melanostoma  and  L. 
maculata  are  regarded  as  the  same  species. 

A  fact  in  the  distribution  of  L.  melanostoma  Rang  seems  to 
have  been  overlooked.  The  original  form,  including  a  large  num- 
ber of  individuals,  was  first  found  on  Sargassum  natans  (L.) 
off  Newfoundland  by  the  Captain  of  the  frigate  Bellanger,  who 
conveyed  preserved  creatures  to  Rang.  Authors  follow  Verrill 
(1882)  and  Dall  (1889)  and  limit  the  northern  range  to  Martha's 
Vineyard.  According  to  Winge^^  the  northwestern  boundary  of 
the  Sargasso  Sea  or  the  distribution  of  Sargassum  occurs  north 
of  40°  N.  Lat.  only  during  the  summer  and  autumn.  During 
those  periods,  the  northwestern  distribution  of  the  Sargasso  Sea 
extends  off  Newfoundland.  Therefore,  probably  the  original 
specimens  were  collected  during  the  summer  or  fall.  Since  the 
living  animals  were  taken  off  Newfoundland,  the  extension  to 
Newfoundland  should  be  included  in  the  range  of  the  species. 


A   NEW   GYRAULUS   FROM   THE   PLEISTOCENE 

OF  CALIFORNIA  AND  A  NEW  PARAPHOLYX 

FROM  A  SUPPOSED  PLIOCENE 

DEPOSIT  IN  OREGON 

By  FRANK  C.  BAKER 

Gyraulus  cressmani  new  species.     PI.  8,  figs.  17,  18. 

Shell  of  about  the  size  of  Gyraulus  vcrmicularis  (Gould),  of 
3^-4  rounded  whorls  rapidly  increasing  in  diameter,  the  sutures 
deeply  impressed,  the  inner  whorls  of  the  right  side  below  the 
level  of  the  body  whorl ;  left  side  with  rounded  whorls  mid  deep 

n  Ncvill,  G.,  Handlist  Moll.  Indian  Mua.,  Pt.  II,  1884,  p.  177. 
12  Gray,  J.  E.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1847,  p.  155. 

't  Winpe,  O.,  Ht'pt.  Dnnisli  Ocean.  Kxped.,  1908-1910,  No.  7,  vol.  Ill,  Misc. 
Pap.  2,  1923,  pp.  15,  IG,  Fig.  2. 


April.  1!U2]  the  nautilus  131 

sutures;  periphery  rounded;  aperture  roundetl  and  obliquely 
deflected;  sculpture  of  coarse  growth  lines,  sometimes  slightly 
costate,  with  more  or  less  deeply  incised  spiral  lines. 

H.  1.5  ;  Cir.I).  4.0 ;  L.D.  3.3  ;  Aperture  H.  1.0 ;  I).  1.5  mm.  Holo- 
type.     No.  3982. 

H.  1.5 ;  Gr.D.  3.8 ;  L.D.  3.0 ;  Aperture  H.  1.3 ;  D.  1.1  mm.  Para- 
type.     No.  3983. 

H.  1.5 ;  Gr.D.  3.8 ;  L.D.  3.0 ;  Aperture  H.  1.3 ;  D.  1.1  mm.  Para- 
type.     3983. 

Locality  and  horizon:  South  end  Lower  Klamath  Lake,  sec- 
tions 25  and  26,  T.  47  N.,  R.  2  E.,  Mt.  Diablo  Merid.,  Siskiyou  Co., 
California,  about  8  miles  south  of  the  Oregon  state  line.  The 
shells  occurred  in  a  test  pit  (no.  1)  sunk  for  archaeological  investi- 
gation and  were  found  at  depths  of  from  three  to  ten  feet.  The 
deposit  is  late  Pleistocene  according  Dr.  Antevs. 

This  Gyraulus  differs  from  the  common  Gyraulus  vcrmicularis 
in  having  the  whorls  of  the  left  side  rounded,  not  flattened,  and 
there  is  a  total  absence  of  the  "reamed  out"  appearance  of 
vcrmicularis.  The  sculpture,  also,  is  much  coarser,  especially  by 
the  presence  of  spiral  lines,  which  are  absent  or  only  faintly 
developed  in  vermicularis. 

Most  of  the  specimens  are  white  and  bleached,  but  some  mate- 
rial from  a  deposit  14  inches  below  the  tj'pe  layer  had  the 
epidermis  well  preserved.  A  large,  fully  adult  shell  of  four 
whorls.  4.8  mm.  in  diameter,  (pi.  8,  fig.  17,  No.  3984)  had  a  gray- 
ish-horn epidermis  and  the  growth  and  spiral  sculpture  were  well 
marked.  All  specimens  from  this  layer  (layer  6,  impure  peat 
15%  )  were  well  preserved  with  ashy-horn  color. 

Gyraulus  cressmani  was  found  abundantly  in  all  layers  con- 
taining mollusks  and  was  associated  with  abundant  material  of 
Valvata  virens  platyceps  PiLsbry,  Valvata  humeralis  dcnscstriata 
Pilsbry  (some  specimens  varying  toward  V.  h.  calif ornica  Pils- 
by),  described  from  the  oil-bearing  strata  of  the  Kettleman  Hills 
region,  Kings  Co.,  Cal.  A  few  specimens  of  Armiger  imbricatus 
(Miiller)  occurred  with  the  Gyraulus,  the  first  record  of  the 
occurrence  of  this  genus  in  the  west. 

The  species  is  named  for  Dr.  L.  S.  Cressman  of  the  University  of 
Orgeon,  who  collected  the  material. 


132  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

Parapholyx  packardi  corrugata,  new  var.     PI.  8,  fig.  19. 

Shell  of  3-3^  whorls,  the  spire  flattened  or  slightly  elevated,  the 
body  whorl  very  large;  sutures  not  well  impressed;  aperture 
about  as  wide  as  high,  rounded  above,  slightly  angulated  below; 
columella  thickened  by  a  hea\y  plait  parallel  with  the  axis;  um- 
bilicus closed  or  with  a  slight  vertical  chink ;  there  is  no  evidence 
of  a  tooth  on  the  columella  as  described  for  pacJcardi;  sculpture 
of  coarse  growth  lines  or  of  distinct,  regular  ribs  evenly  spaced ; 
spiral  lines  showing  faintly  in  some  specimens. 

H.  8.5 ;  M.D.  10.5 ;  L.D.  7.9 ;  Aperture  H.  7.0 ;  D.  6.9  mm.  Holo- 
type.     No.  3985. 

H.  7.0 ;  M.D.  9.0 ;  L.D.  6.5 ;  Aperture  H.  5.0 ;  D.  5.0  mm.  Para- 
type.     No.  3986. 

H.  7.0 ;  M.D.  9.0 ;  L.D.  6.0 ;  Aperture  H.  5.2 ;  D.  5.0  mm.  Para- 
type.     No.  3986. 

Locality  and  horizon :  North  end  Summer  Lake,  Lake  Co., 
Oregon,  from  drilled  well  at  depth  of  1080  feet.  Thought  to  be 
of  Pliocene  age.  The  locality  is  in  a  valley  fill,  and  the  exact 
horizon  is  difficult  to  determine  accurately. 

This  form  of  Parapholyx  appears  to  be  related  to  P.  ijackardi 
Hanna,  described  from  Warner  Lake  beds  in  eastern  Oregon.^ 
It  differs  from  this  species  in  being  smaller  (packardi  has  a 
diameter  of  13  to  19  mm.),  the  spire  is  more  depressed  and  the 
costae  are  more  constantly  present  than  in  packardi.  Corrugata 
resembles  some  depressed  forms  of  packardi,  especially  fig.  5, 
plate  2  of  Hanna 's  paper.  The  umbilicus  varies  from  nearly 
closed  to  widely  open,  as  described  for  packardi.  The  costae 
of  the  new  variety  are  visible  on  all  specimens  examined  (about 
a  dozen)  and  are  conspicuous  in  young  and  immature  shells. 

The  specimens  were  submitted  for  examination  by  Dr.  Carl  L. 
Huffaker,  of  the  University  of  Oregon.  The  types  of  the  Gyraulus 
and  the  Parapholyx  are  in  the  collection  of  F.  C.  Baker.  Para- 
types  are  in  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 


1  Hanna,  G.  I).,  Fossil  fresh  water  moUusks  from  Oregon  contained  in  the 
Condon  Museum  of  the  University  of  Oregon,  Oregon  Univ.  Pub.,  I,  no.  12, 
pp.  22,  1922. 


April,  1942]  the  nautilus  183 

EXCURSIONS  TO  LAKE  BAICAL 
By  W.  J.  EYERDAM 

During  tlie  Russo-Japanese  war,  when  I  was  a  small  boy, 
I  had  been  much  interested  in  reading  about  the  Russians  running 
the  tracks  of  the  Trans-Siberian  railway  across  Lake  Baical  on  the 
ice.  to  bring  war  supplies  to  the  Far  East.  I  was  also  intrigued  in 
later  years  to  read  about  the  marvelous  endemic  biota  of  this 
deepest  freshwater  lake  in  the  world  which  is  over  500  miles  long 
and  nearly  6000  feet  deep.  Some  of  the  oddities  of  the  lake  are 
the  freshwater  seals,  freshwater  codfish,  huge  Neptune's  chalice 
sponges,  Yeluspa  haicalcnsis,  and  the  host  of  strange  crustaceans, 
many  of  which  are  unlike  any  others  in  the  world.  Nearly  all 
the  over  one  hundred  species  of  shells  in  the  lake  are  endemic, 
including  several  endemic  genera.  Like  the  peculiar  marine- 
like shells  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  the  Baical  shells  are  all  distinctly 
freshwater  species,  but  thin  and  fragile.  The  water  is  very  clear, 
pure  and  cold,  with  very  little  mineral  in  solution. 

About  100  species  of  fish  live  in  the  lake,  of  which  about  90 
per  cent  are  endemic.  The  crustacean  family  Gammaridae, 
including  hundreds  of  species,  is  notable  for  their  bright  colors, 
large  size  or  bizarre  shape  of  some  forms. 

The  greatest  mystery  of  all  is  the  presence  of  seals  in  a  fresh- 
water lake  thousands  of  miles  from  the  nearest  ocean.  At  one 
time  there  was  an  important  seal  hunting  industry  on  the  lake, 
but  the  rookeries  have  been  heavily  depleted.  I  have  seen  and 
compared  specimens  of  the  seals,  Phoca  haicalensis,  with  Phoca 
caspica  in  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Leningrad  and  could  note 
but  very  little  difference. 

Geologists  have  been  at  a  loss  as  to  which  ocean  Lake  Baical  has 
been  connected  with.  Most  of  them  believe  that  it  must  have  been 
with  the  Sea  of  Japan,  which  if  really  the  case  would  probably 
have  been  in  Jurassic  times  and  before  the  great  masses  of 
parallel  mountain  chains  of  the  high  Yablonoi  and  Stanovoi 
ranges  could  have  thrown  up  their  great  barrier  ramparts  to  the 
east.  So  far  there  has  been  insufficient  evidence  to  support  this 
theory. 

My  own  opinion  is  that  in  Tertiary  times  there  was  perhaps 


134  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

a  great  Mediterranean  sea  that  connected  the  Atlantic  with  the 
Indian  Ocean  that  extended  as  far  as  Lake  Baical,  leaving  a  chain 
of  dry  lake  beds  and  brackish  or  saline  lakes  in  its  wake  as  the 
sea  became  landlocked.  During  the  course  of  long  lapses  of  time 
these  bodies  of  inland  waters  fluctuated  greatly  in  degree  of 
salinity  according  to  the  supply  of  rainfall  and  drainage. 
Eventually  nearly  all  of  the  lakes  became  brackish  or  salty  again 
after  the  recession  of  the  glaciers  after  the  Pleistocene  age  when 
the  vast  area  of  Central  Asia  assumed  a  decidedly  arid  aspect. 
Since  that  time  the  drying  up  process  of  remaining  lakes  and  the 
inland  seas  of  Balkash,  Aral  and  Caspian  have  proceeded  at  an 
ever  more  and  more  accelerated  rate,  but  Baical  has  remained  pure 
and  fresh  because  of  the  melting  snows  of  the  mountains  of  the 
Bargozinian  range  and  the  rapid  outflow  of  the  Angara  River 
into  the  Middle  Tunguska,  a  tributary  of  the  mighty  Yenisei 
River. 

I  have  never  noted  an  opinion  expressing  this  theory,  but  the 
presence  of  the  almost  identical  species  of  seal  in  Baical  and 
Caspian  besides  a  similarity  of  many  other  forms  of  life  should 
be  pretty  strong  evidence  to  support  this  view.  More  conclusive 
evidence  must  await  the  discovery  of  the  fossil  remains  of  seals 
in  the  strata  of  some  of  the  dry  lake  beds. 

Dr.  Benedict  Dybowski  was  sent  to  Lake  Baical  and  later  to 
Kamchatka  as  a  political  exile  about  the  time  of  our  civil  war. 
Although  he  practiced  medicine,  he  was  also  a  great  naturalist 
and  had  ample  opportunity  to  make  extensive  biological  collec- 
tions for  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg.  Most  of 
the  endemic  shells  of  Lake  Baical  were  first  collected  and  described 
by  Dybowski.  He  died  at  Dorpat,  Esthonia,  at  the  age  of  97 
about  8  years  ago.  The  genus  Benedict ia,  a  peculiar  Baical  shell 
is  named  in  his  honor. 

The  first  time  I  stopped  at  Irkutsk  to  collect  biological  material 
in  Lake  Baical  in  1028  I  had  just  come  from  Manchuria  via 
Alaska  and  Kamchatka  with  my  friend  Wm.  P.  Coultas.  We 
had  spent  the  summer  in  roaming  the  wilderness  of  central  Kam- 
chatka, climbing  volcanos  and  collecting  plants  and  birds.  Later, 
we  went  to  Maiiclniria  wliicii  at  that  time  was  terribly  infested 
by  hordes  of  Huiiliut/  l)an(lits.     We  spent  a  iiioiilh  in  lliat  coun- 


Al)lil.    1942]  THE    NAUTILUS  135 

try,  mostly  tryinpr  to  {ret  back  into  U.S.S.R.  At  that  time  it  was 
an  extromoly  diflicult  matter  to  {ret  permission  to  travel  in  out-of- 
the-way  plaees  in  Siberia  or  to  stop  at  towns  alon{r  the  railroad. 
In  six  months  of  travel  in  Siberia  we  had  not  seen  more  than  a 
half  dozen  forei^rn  white  men  and  those  few  had  already  become 
Russian  subjects.  I  had  an  American  passport  which  didn't  help 
much  because  we  didn't  recojrnize  the  Soviets.  In  fact  the  only 
European  consulate  in  Asiatic  Russia  at  that  time  was  the  German 
consulate  at  Vladivostok,  which  represented  all  the  white  nations 
of  tlie  world.  In  spite  of  tliis  formidable  position  the  consul  had 
almost  no  business  except  when  an  occasional  non-Japanese  ship 
sailed  into  the  harbor  of  the  Golden  Horn.  This  was  of  course 
two  years  before  the  first  Five  Year  Plan  went  into  effect,  when 
Stalin  put  the  heat  on  the  whole  country  and  transformed  it  from 
a  lethar{ric  and  completely  wornout,  threadbare  condition,  to  a 
land  of  arsenals,  munition  factories,  booming  cities  and  colossal 
mass  production  to  supply  the  mighty  Red  armies  to  insure  the 
Communist  state. 

We  were  entirely  on  our  own  with  no  connections  with  any 
institution  and  the  only  money  that  we  had  was  the  little  w^e  had 
earned  by  helping  to  deliver  the  American  cannery  tender 
"Apex"  to  Kamchatka,  plus  one  hundred  dollars  that  I  had 
brought  from  the  states.  My  partner  had  only  the  money  that 
he  earned  on  the  ship.  My  records  of  former  work  and  activities 
in  Kamchatka  were  preserved  in  the  archives  at  Moscow  and 
proved  to  be  satisfactory.  When  we  arrived  in  that  far-off  land 
I  recognized  manj-  of  my  Russian  friends  when  I  was  there  in 
1925.  They  gave  us  a  great  welcome,  and  upon  my  request  to  the 
president  to  be  allowed  to  stop  for  the  summer  to  collect  biological 
material  he  immediately  sent  a  telegram  to  Moscow,  which  is 
about  seven  thousand  miles  distant,  to  allow  my  partner  and  me 
to  stay  in  Kamchatka.  A  few  days  later  I  received  the  permis- 
sion from  Moscow.  I  had  been  so  sure  of  cooperation  from  the 
Kamchatka  authorities  that  I  had  already  made  plans  to  go. 
The  opportunity  came  when  my  good  friend  captain  Albert 
Grove,  with  whom  I  had  sailed  over  in  1925  on  the  auxiliary 
schooner  "Apollo"  came  out  to  my  home  one  evening,  ju.st  after 
arriving  from  Chile.     A  few  days  later  he  told  me  that  three 


136  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

different  jobs  as  captain  had  been  offered  him  including  the  de- 
livery of  a  ship  to  Kamchatka  for  the  Soviet  government.  I 
then  learned  that  it  was  to  be  the  "Apex,"  upon  which  I  had 
made  a  trip  to  Alaska  on  her  maiden  voyage  many  years  before. 
I  spent  about  half  of  one  night  trying  to  get  Captain  Grove  to 
decide  on  accepting  the  Russian  job,  which  he  finally  did.  It 
proved  to  be  the  most  memorable  of  his  career,  for  he  also  landed 
in  the  hospital  in  Moscow,  as  I  did,  after  many  mouths  of  travel 
in  Siberia,  but  I  did  not  see  him  again  after  he  left  Kamchatka 
with  the  rest  of  the  crew  until  I  stopped  at  his  home  for  a  visit 
at  Wheaton,  Illinois,  in  1931. 

Before  leaving  Seattle  I  had  put  on  board  the  "Apex"  a 
large  supply  of  biological  collecting  materials  in  anticipation  of 
being  allowed  by  the  Soviet  authorities  to  stay  during  the  Summer 
to  collect. 

I  collected  over  500  species  of  plants  in  the  region  about 
Avatcha  Bay  and  the  volcanoes  Avatchinskaja  and  Korjatskaja 
and  the  hot  springs  of  Nuletchivo.  These  are  all  included  in 
Hulten,  "Flora  of  Kamchatka."  Intensive  search  for  IMollusca 
was  made  at  all  likely  looking  spots. 

Late  in  September  we  were  allowed  free  passage  on  the  over- 
crowded "Indigirka"  to  Vladivostok  via  Hakodate,  Japan.  The 
"Indigirka"  struck  a  rock  in  1940  and  went  down  with  about 
seven  hundred  people  somewhere  along  the  Kurile  islands. 

After  spending  a  month  of  travel  in  bandit-ridden  IManchuria 
we  finally  got  back  into  U.S.S.R.  In  one  place  we  just  missed 
Roy  Chapman  Andrews  by  one  hour  when  he  was  returning  from 
one  of  his  Gobi  Desert  excursions.  Wo  did,  liowever,  meet  Baron 
von  Huenefeldt  at  Manchuli  at  2  a.m.  while  waiting  for  the  train. 
He  had  just  arrived  from  Japan  and  was  on  his  way  home  from 
his  "first  across  the  Atlantic  from  Europe"  non-stoj)  flight. 
Coming  across  Siberia  in  the  winter  caused  his  death  of  a  cold. 
Ho  died  in  Sweden  a  few  weeks  later. 

The  Soviet  authorities  had  kindly  granted  permission  to  carry 
a  camera,  but  warned  us  many  times  never  to  use  it  along  the 
railroad  or  around  military  zones.  AVo  had  boon  warned  that 
such  offense  would  be  .severely  dealt  with.  In  spite  of  this  warn- 
ing and  in  spite  of  the  martial  law  that  Siberia  was  under,  my 


April.  1!>42]  tiik  nautilus  137 

partner  could  not  resist  the  temptation  of  takinfj  a  snapshot  from 
the  train  of  the  ruined  town  of  Baieal  as  we  passed  it.  Counter- 
revolutionists  had  destroyed  the  town  a  few  weeks  before  and 
there  must  have  been  quite  a  scrap,  judjrinfr  from  the  debris  and 
the  many  hed<j:es  of  barbed  wire  entanjificments  that  extended 
do^vn  to  the  lake.  The  town  was  completely  ruined  and  deserted. 
I  protested  to  my  partner,  but  he  said  there  was  no  danp:er  be- 
cause nobody  could  see  liim. 

As  soon  as  we  reached  Irkutsk  our  passports  and  camera  were 
seized  by  the  OGPU  and  we  were  put  under  arrest  but  allowed  to 
do  as  we  pleased  before  the  trial.  We  made  the  best  of  our  time 
by  visiting  the  professors  at  the  university  museum  and  at  the 
biological  station  on  Lake  Baieal,  where  they  operate  a  deep-sea 
dredging  boat  with  all  kinds  of  equipment  to  collect  the  biota  in 
the  various  habitats. 

Four  days  later  the  chief  of  the  Siberian  OGPU  had  come 
fifteen  hundred  miles  from  Novosibirsk,  the  capital  of  Siberia, 
to  preside  over  our  trial  because  we  were  supposed  to  be  important 
spies.  We  were  taken  into  an  inner  chamber  of  a  large  wooden 
building  and  brought  before  the  dreaded  chief  of  the  Soviet  Cheka, 
a  man  of  fierce  and  grim  aspect.  We  were  the  first  to  be  tried 
that  morning,  while  outside  of  the  door  was  a  group  of  heavily 
guarded  Mongols  from  the  desert  of  Gobi  that  would  be  the  next 
to  be  tried.  Both  Coultas  and  I  expressed  our  admiration  for 
the  stoic  and  defiant  attitude  of  these  wild  sons  of  the  desert  who 
would  probably  be  sentenced  to  death  or  exile  at  hard  labor. 

As  none  of  the  Russians  could  speak  English  and  my  partner 
knew  no  other  language,  the  judge  held  the  trial  in  German,  so  I 
had  to  answer  all  the  questions  of  the  cross-examination  and  make 
all  the  explanations  while  my  partner  sat  there  without  compre- 
hending what  was  said  during  the  whole  time  and  never  quite 
realizing  the  seriousness  of  his  offense.  The  judge  was  as  wily 
as  a  fox  and  tried  his  best  to  trap  me  in  some  question,  but  as  we 
had  nothing  to  conceal  and  had  clear  consciences  I  made  light 
of  the  whole  thing  and  treated  it  as  a  joke  until  the  old  judge 
finally  decided  that  we  were  just  a  couple  of  blundering  American 
naturalists  and  didn't  know  any  better. 

After  about  an  hour  of  rigid  cross-questioning  the  stern  old 


138  THE    NAUTILUS  [VoL.    55  (4) 

chief  of  the  OGPU  threw  off  his  mask  of  grim  expression  and 
became  very  friendly.  He  asked  me  to  grive  an  account  of  our 
travels  in  Kamchatka  and  listened  with  intense  interest  about 
this  remote  land  of  over  one  hundred  volcanoes  witli  its  great 
salmon  fisheries,  stranjre  natives,  numerous  hot  springs  and  vast 
areas  of  impenetrable  alder  and  dwarf  pine  thickets  which  are 
accessible  only  by  following  the  well-worn  trails  made  by  the  huge 
brown  bear  which  is  more  abundant  here  than  anywhere  else  in 
the  world.  After  asking  a  lot  of  questions  about  Kamchatka, 
which  to  the  average  Russian  seems  like  the  end  of  the  world  and  a 
land  of  fascinating  interest  and  mystery,  he  finally  shook  hands 
and  said  he  felt  honored  to  have  met  a  couple  of  American 
scientists  and  would  be  pleased  to  be  of  service  to  us.  He 
ordered  our  camera  to  be  returned  after  destroying  the  films  and 
as  a  parting  gesture  of  good  will  he  wished  us  well  on  our  long 
journey  and  said  "If  at  any  time  you  find  yourselves  in  diffi- 
culty please  write  to  me,  and  if  you  should  find  yourselves  hard 
pressed  for  money  while  in  U.S.S.R.  send  me  a  telegram. 

Some  months  later,  when  I  was  sick  to  the  point  of  death  in 
the  hospital  built  by  Napoleon  near  the  Kremlin,  I  was  given  the 
best  treatment  that  could  be  had  by  Dr.  Maxim  Zedkin,  the  son  of 
Clara  Zedkin,  who  at  that  time  was  second  in  command  after 
Stalin.  Dr.  Maxim  Zedkin  was  not  only  an  outstanding  M.D.  but 
was  also  a  zoologist.  He  had  taught  paleontology  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Munich  and  had  written  a  book  on  the  birds  of  the  Cau- 
casus, where  he  had  carried  on  explorations.  AYhen  I  recovered 
from  my  sickness  I  was  invited  three  time  to  the  Kremlin  as 
private  guest  of  Clara  Zedkin  who  at  that  time  was  past  eighty. 

Two  years  later,  in  November,  1930,  upon  my  return  from  the 
Solomon  Islands  to  Seattle,  I  went  home  the  long  way  around  and 
came  over  U.S.S.R.  again,  which  was  the  fifth  time  in  Siberia  in 
six  years.  On  the  train  between  Chita  and  Lake  Baical  I  had 
the  pleasant  surprise  of  meeting  Mr.  and  ]\Irs.  Jorgensen,  whom 
I  had  met  in  Copenhagen  at  the  house  of  Hans  Schle.sch,  the  well- 
known  European  conchologist.  just  as  lie  was  bringing  a  collec- 
tion oi"  hind  shells  tliat  lie  had  gathered  near  the  border  of 
Dzun;xaria  a  year  or  two  Ijel'ore.  Mr.  Jorgensen  was  tlie  director 
of  the  Far  East  Danisli  Teh»grapli  i'onipany,  wliich  was  one  of  the 


Ajiril.  1042]  tmk  nautilus  139 

few  forei<;ii  companies  tliat  was  allowed  to  ojierate  in  Asiatic 
Russian  after  the  reifjn  of  the  czar. 

On  this  second  visit  to  Irkutsk  and  Lake  Baical  I  arrived  at 
3  A.M.  and  crossed  the  Anjrara  pontoon  bridfre  in  a  snowstorm 
without  an  overcoat  and  wearing;  oxford  shoes  that  I  had  pur- 
chased in  Papua.  Indeed,  during  the  thirty  winter  days  that  I 
spent  in  Siberia  and  ten  in  Russia  on  this  trip,  I  wore  the  same 
clothes  that  I  wore  in  Java  and  Singapore  with  the  addition  of  an 
extra  undershirt.  However,  in  spite  of  the  cold,  I  enjoyed 
tramping  in  the  dry  powdery  snow  and  walking  across  some  of  the 
rivers  on  the  ice.  All  of  the  rivers  except  the  Angara  were  frozen 
over  many  weeks  before.  I  had  intended  to  buy  some  clothes  in 
Vladivostok,  but  now  at  the  start  of  the  Five  Year  Plan  it  was 
almost  impossible  to  purchase  clothes,  so  I  didn't  get  an  over- 
coat until  I  got  to  Stockholm. 

The  object  of  my  second  visit  to  Irkutsk  was  to  visit  my  Russian 
friends  at  the  university  and  the  biological  station  and  to  look 
over  some  of  the  Lake  Baical  collections.  Again  I  was  the  guest 
of  Dr.  Jaznitskj',  the  specialist  of  Baical  algae,  and  of  Dr.  M. 
Cajoff,  specialist  of  mollusks.  The  man  that  I  had  wished  to  see 
especially  was  Dr.  Shevyakoff,  but  he  had  died  only  a  few  days 
before. 

The  shores  of  Lake  Baical  are  mostly  rocky  cliffs,  and  the 
descent  into  deep  water  is  often  abrupt.  On  some  stretches  of  the 
coast,  there  are  shallows  which  are  quite  rich  in  forms  of  inverte- 
brate fauna.  Many  of  these  animals  live  under  stones  or  adher- 
ing to  the  stones. 

Both  times  when  I  visited  the  lake  the  deep-sea  dredging  boat 
was  tied  up  for  the  winter.  From  the  biological  station,  through 
Dr.  Cajoff,  I  received  the  following  species  of  shells  which  I  have 
in  my  collection.     All  these  shells  are  thin  and  fragile. 

Pisiflium  (3  species),  Spliaerium  (1),  Choanomphalus  (8), 
Bcncdictia  (3),  Valvaia  (2),  Kobeltocochlea  (1),  Ancylus  (1), 
Baicalia  (20).  The  various  species  were  collected  at  from  2 
to  40  meters  depth,  but  one  species  of  Benedictia  at  150  meters. 


140  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

IDA  SHEPARD  OLDROYD 

The  little  group  of  pioneer  conchologists  of  the  West  Coast  lost 
one  of  its  most  active  members  with  the  passing,  on  July  9, 1940,  of 
Ida  Shepard  Oldroyd,  curator  in  the  Department  of  Geologj'  at 
Stanford  University.  Ida  Mary  Shepard  was  born  at  Goshen, 
Indiana,  November  25,  1856.  After  graduation  from  the  Saline, 
Michigan,  high  school,  she  attended  the  University  of  Michigan 
as  a  special  student  in  science  and  received  a  teaching  certificate. 
In  1888  her  family  moved  to  Long  Beach,  California,  where  she 
began  the  accumulation  of  the  shell  collection  which,  merged 
with  that  of  Tom  Shaw  Oldroyd  through  their  marriage  in  Sep- 
tember, 1895,  grew  to  be  one  of  the  largest  private  collections  in 
California.  This  collection,  highly  praised  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall, 
who  through  the  years  had  studied  and  identified  much  of  the 
material  in  it,  naming  one  new  genus  and  several  new  species  in  the 
Oldroyds'  honor,  was  sold  to  Stanford  University  in  1917. 

In  1916  the  Oldroyds  moved  to  Stanford  University  to  catalog 
the  Hemphill  collection  of  shells,  which  had  been  purchased  for 
the  Geology  Department  by  a  group  of  alumni  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Dr.  Ralph  Arnold.  A  year  later  the  University  arranged 
to  buy  the  Oldroyd  collection  and  appointed  Mr.  and  I\Irs. 
Oldroyd  to  the  positions  as  curators  which  they  held  during  the 
remainder  of  their  lives.  Always  zealous  collectors,  the  Oldroyds 
continued  their  field  work  by  spending  several  summers  at  Puget 
Sound  and  by  making  two  trips  abroad ;  thus  they  added  to  the 
size  and  quality  of  the  Stanford  collection  and  by  their  example 
stimulated  others  to  do  likewise.  Donations  from  students  of  the 
University,  gifts  from  friends,  exchanges,  and  purchases  bj'  the 
Department  at  Mrs.  Oldroyd 's  suggestion,  all  contributed  to  make 
the  Stanford  University  conchological  collection  outstanding.  As 
an  example  might  be  cited  the  accpiisition  of  the  Sarah  Mitchell 
collection  of  Philippine  shells  in  1930;  this  huge  collection  came 
to  the  University  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  a  Stanford  gradu- 
ate, Dr.  A,  W.  Herre,  then  a  member  of  the  Philippine  Bureau  of 
Science  and  an  intimate  friend  of  the  Mitchell  family.  Presenta- 
tion was  made  l)y  Mrs.  Biirklioldcr,  daughtor  of  tlie  collector, 
through  Mrs.  Oldroyd.  whose  arrival  in  Manila  on  a  round-the- 


April,  1942]  the  nautilus  141 

world  trip  expedited  arrangements  for  shippinj;  some  two  tons  of 
shells  across  the  Paeifie  Ocean. 

Mrs.  Oldroyd  was  the  author  of  several  short  papers  in  The 
Nautilus,  describing:  new  mollu.sks.  Her  principal  publications 
were  "Marine  shells  of  Puget  Sound  and  vicinity"  and  "The 
nuirine  shells  of  the  West  Coast  of  North  America,"  the  latter 
in  four  volumes;  in  these  works  she  compiled  descriptions  of  the 
two  thousand  species  of  mollusks  known  from  the  West  Coast 
and  supplied  many  excellent  illustrations. 

One  of  the  early  members  of  the  Concholo<rical  Club  of  South- 
ern California,  Mrs.  Oldroyd  maintained  an  interest  in  the  Club 
and  was  an  honorary  member  until  her  death.  She  was  a  charter 
member  of  the  American  Malaeolofrical  Union,  of  which  she  w'as 
vice-president  in  1934  and  honorary  president  from  1935  to  1940. 
She  was  also  a  member  of  the  Conchological  Society  of  Great 
Britain  and  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Peking  Natural  His- 
tory Society, 

A  picture  with  her  husband,  Tom  Shaw  Oldroyd,  appeared  in 
The  Nautilus,  vol.  46,  1933,  p.  108. — Prepared  hy  members  of 
the  Conchological  Club  of  Southern  California. 

The  portrait  is  from  a  photograph  in  the  Branner  Library, 
Stanford  University,  which  we  owe  to  the  courtesy  of  Chancellor 
Rav  Lvman  AVilbur. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS 
Some  Rare  California  Shells. — We  have  been  finding  some 
very  interesting  and  rare  shells  off  White  Point  (near  San  Pedro, 
California).  These  shells  have  been  collected  within  the  last 
year,  such  as  Tritonalia  interfossa  minor  Dall,  Tritonalia  beta 
(Carpenter)  Dall  and  Moniliopsis  grippi  Dall.  The  above  shells 
had  to  be  sent  to  the  National  Museum  for  classifying  because  they 
had  not  been  found  around  here  in  years,  and  do  not  appear  in 
many  of  the  older  collections.  We  also  picked  up  fifteen  Murex 
santarosana  Dall.  This  has  been  dredged  recently  off  Kedondo, 
but  is  rare  even  in  the  dredgings.  The  war  has  stopped  most  of 
the  collecting  now,  and  our  favorite  spot,  White  Point,  has  been 
closed ;  but  we  are  hoping  that  after  the  war  is  over  the  shells  will 
be  there  in  abundance.     We  are  members  of  the  Long  Beach  Shell 


142  THE    NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

Club  and  the  Los  Angeles  Club. — 'Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ralph  Bormann, 
Ralph  Bormann,  Jr. 

The  Sculpture  of  Inaequivalve  Mollusks. — A  very  inter- 
esting point  about  the  sculpture  of  those  bivalves  in  which  one 
shell  valve  overlaps  the  other  one  wholly  or  in  part  along  the  ven- 
tral margin  is  the  difference  between  the  sculpture  on  the  two 
halves.  Among  the  Corbulidae  there  are  many  examples  of  this 
condition.  In  Corhula  X)1iilimm  Smith  we  find  the  left  valve 
large  and  with  a  heavy  concentric  sculpture  while  the  right  one  is 
considerably  smaller  and  exhibits  a  feeble  radial  sculpture,  its 
concentric  markings  being  little  more  than  inconspicuous  growth 
lines.  Corhula  sulcata  Brug.  from  Senegal  shows  a  somewhat 
similar  condition.  In  this  species  the  larger  valve  has  a  very 
heavy  concentric  sculpture  and  the  smaller  one,  while  retaining 
this  type  of  ornamentation,  has  it  in  much  less  degree.  The 
extent  of  the  inequality  between  the  valves  has  some  influence  on 
this  character  and  those  species  which  show  little  difference  such 
as  C.  contracta  Say  and  C.  carihaea  d'Orb.  also  show  but  slight 
variation  between  the  sculpturing  of  the  two  halves.  It  must  be 
admitted  that  this  is  not  universal  among  the  corbulas,  as  some 
species  which  have  a  fair  amount  of  inequality  do  not  show  any 
marked  difference  in  sculpture,  but  the  extremely  inaequivalve 
ones  do  seem  to  exhibit  this  type  of  difference.  The  most  interest- 
ing example  of  this  condition,  however,  is  that  furnished  by  Area 
incongrua  Say.  Here  the  inequality,  and  conseciuent  overlapping 
of  the  ventral  margins,  does  not  extend  along  the  whole  lower 
border  of  the  shell  but  begins  about  one-third  of  the  way  back  from 
the  anterior  end.  Forward  of  this  point  tlie  valve  margins  meet 
in  fairly  close  apposition  and  the  nodules  on  the  ribs,  which  are  so 
typical  of  this  species,  are  to  be  found  on  both  valves.  In  the 
region  where  the  larger  valve  begins  to  overlap  the  smaller  one, 
however,  a  very  remarkable  change  takes  place.  The  ribs  of  the 
larger  valve  retain  these  rib  nodules  just  as  they  are  found  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  sliell  but  the  ribs  on  the  smaller  valve  become 
entirely  smooth  and  remain  so  until  at  the  very  posterior  end  there 
is  found  another  small  area  wliere  the  margins  of  the  valves  are  in 
close  apposition  and  in  this  area  the  rib  nodules  are  again  to  be 
seen.  Thus  the  Ici't.  or  larger,  valve  has  all  its  ribs  bearing  these 
nodules  while  the  ri^dit,  or  smaller  one.  has  an  area,  correspond- 


April.  1942]  the  nautilus  143 

injr  exai'tly  witli  the  area  in  which  it  is  overlapped  by  the  left 
valve,  in  which  the  ribs  are  smooth  and  these  nodules  are  entirely 
lacking.  Apparently  certain  dynamic  forces  either  of  the  en- 
vironment or  of  the  animal  itself  induce  the  formation  of  this 
beaded  type  of  rib  by  acting  on  the  edge  of  the  shell  as  it  is  being 
formed  along  the  margin.  "When  this  free  edge  is  covered  and 
protected  by  the  overlap  of  the  other  valve  these  forces  can  no 
longer  be  brought  to  bear  on  this  particular  area  and  the  bead- 
like nodules  are  no  longer  produced.  These  few  observations  and 
speculations  do  not  solve  much  but  thej"  are  presented  in  the  hope 
that  they  may  help  to  throw  some  light  on  the  perplexing  problem 
of  the  external  sculpture  of  bivalve  moUusks. — Richard  A.  Mc- 
Lean. 

Additionaii  Utah  Records. — A  number  of  specimens  of 
Columella  alticola  Ingersoll  were  taken  while  collecting  along 
the  head  of  Mammoth  Creek,  southwest  corner  of  Garfield 
County,  Utah.  They  were  found  under  pieces  of  rotten  wood  in 
well  shaded  places  within  a  rather  closely  restricted  area  where 
the  road  diverges  from  the  creek  and  turns  south.  The  altitude 
at  this  point  was  about  8,000  feet.  Associated  with  it  were 
Oreohelix  strigosa  depressa  Cockerell,  Microphysula  ingersolli 
meridionalis  Pilsbry  and  Ferriss,  Vallonia  gracilicosta  Rein- 
hardt,  Pupilla  hlandi  Morse,  Pupilla  hehes  Ancey,  Vertigo  gouldii 
arizonensis  Pilsbry  and  Vanatta,  Discus  cronkhitei  cronkhitei 
Newcomb,  Vitrina  alaskana  Dall,  Zonitoides  arhorea  Say, 
Euconulus  fulvus  alaskensis  Pilsbry,  Deroceras  gracile  Rafinesque 
and  Succinea  avara  Say.  In  the  stream  I  found  Stagnicola  huli- 
moides  techella  Haldeman. 

Retinella  electrina  Gould  brings  the  known  molluscan  fauna 
of  Zion  National  Park  to  twenty-three  species  and  subspecies. 
Four  specimens  were  taken  at  "Saddle  Nook."  Another  speci- 
men of  electrina  was  taken  along  the  head  of  Deep  Creek  about 
twelve  miles  north  of  the  park  boundary. 

Pisidium  concinnulum  Sterki  from  Cedar  Breaks  National 
Monument  and  previously  referred  to^  has  been  definitely  identi- 
fied by  Dr.  Stanley  Brooks. 


1  Nautilus,  54:  117.    1941. 


144  THE   NAUTILUS  [VOL.    55  (4) 

A  fauna  found  along  North  Fork  of  Asay  Creek,  Garfield 
County,  proves  interesting.  There  I  found  Yallonia  cyclophorella 
Ancey,  Yallonia  gracilicosta  Reinhardt,  Vallonia  perspecfiva 
Sterki,  Pupoides  hordaceus  Gabb,  Pupilla  hlandi  Morse,  Discus 
cronkhitei  cronkhitei  Newcomb,  Vitrina  alaskana  Dall,  Zonitoides 
ardor ea  Say,  Euconulus  fnlvus  alaskensis  Pilsbry  and  Haivaiia 
miiiuscula  7ieomexicana  Coekerell  and  Pilsbry. — ^Wendell  0. 
Gregg. 

Living  Mitra  Florida. — The  specimen  reported  in  Nautilus, 
Oct.,  1941,  p.  45,  was  not  the  first  one  taken  alive.  In  our  ex- 
pedition of  1940  we  took  two  specimens  off  Eastern  Dry  Rocks  on 
April  10th,  one  large  dead  one,  now  in  my  collection,  and  a  small 
living  one.  It  was  identified  in  "Washington  as  M.  fergusoni 
Sowb.,  now  admitted  to  be  the  same  as  M.  florida  Gld. — Jeanne 
Schwengel. 

Canadian  Snails. — An  illustrated  account  by  Mr.  John  Ough- 
ton  appeared  in  Canadian  Nature  (Toronto)  for  March  and 
April. 

The  Bahama  Conchological  Society. — On  the  15th  of  March, 
1941,  a  group  of  interested  persons,  at  the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Gerald  W.  Birks,  organized  the  first  Conchological  Society  in  the 
Bahama  Islands.  The  objective  was  to  make  a  complete  collec- 
tion of  the  shells,  coral  and  marine  life  of  Bahama  waters,  and 
ultimately  to  establish  a  permanent  public  marine  museum  in 
Nassau.  Sixteen  persons  became  charter  members  and  elected: 
Rev.  Paul  D.  Ford  as  president,  Mr.  Bryn  Johns  as  vice-president, 
Mr.  Oris  Russell  as  secretary-treasurer.  One  of  the  somewhat 
rare  shells  of  the  Bahamas,  Stromhus  gallus  L.  (The  angel-wing 
conch),  was  chosen  as  the  emblem  of  the  society.  Meetings  are  on 
the  third  Monday  evening  of  each  month.  An  exhibition  of  local 
and  foreign  shells  was  held  at  St.  Andrew's  Hall  on  March  5th  and 
6th,  1942.  The  Duchess  of  Windsor  kindly  consented  to  open 
the  exhibition  to  members  of  the  Society  on  the  first  day,  and  the 
general  public  was  welcomed  later.  Over  500  species  of  Bahaman 
shells  were  shown  by  18  exhibitors. 


Vol.  55  JULY,  1941  No.  1 

THE 


NAUTILUS^.-^ 

A  QUARTERLY  ;  ^/^ ^ "  '^OxS 

DEVOTED  TO  THE  INTERESTS  OF  CONCHOLOGISTS^  /^   -«4.Ch«v  ^^  < 


EDITORS    AND    PUBLISHERS  _^     I    L  I   8  R  A  IV    '"^    ' 

HENRY  A.  PILSBRY,  Curator  of  the  Department  of  Mollusca,^ 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia  ^, 

H.  BDRRINGTON  BAKER,  Professor  of  Zoology,  \  /^?\M/i^Q'ty^    O 

University  of  Pennsylvania  ^^  ^^  ^''"^''"'''^v^ 


W 


CONTENTS 

Shells  from  Midway.    By  Dr.  V.  D.  P.  Sincer 1 

Further  Notes  on  the  Food  of  the  Limpkin.     By  Francis 

Harper  3 

The  Land  Mollusca  of  Coosa  County,  Alabama.    By  Allan 

F.  Archer  4 

Color  Variation  in  Olivella  biplieata.    By  D.  S.  and  E.  W. 

Gifford    10 

Utilization  of  Stones  for  Shelter  by  Land  Snails.    By  William. 

Marcus  Ingrain  13 

A  New  Race  of  Paraphol.yx  effusa.    By  Frank  C.  Baker  16 

A  New  Species  of  Fresh  Water  Mollusk  from  China.    By  Sui- 

Tong  Chen  17 

Lymnea  auricularia  Linnaeus  in  Western  Washington  and 

Kamchatka.    By  W.  J.  Eyerdam 18 

What  is   Anodonta    (Euphrata)    bahlikiana   Pallary?     By 

Dr.  T.  Haas  20 

Notes  on  Anguispira  and  Discus.    By  Gordon  K.  MacMillan     21 

Puerto  Rican  Oleacininae.    By  H.  Burrington  Baker 24 

Notes  and  News  ^^ 

Publications  Received  ^'* 


.00  per  year      ($2.15  to  Foreign  Countries)       50  cents  a  copy 

HORACE  B.  BAKER,  Business  Manager 

Zoological  Laboratory.  University  of  Pennsylvania, 

38th  and  Woodland  Avenue.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Entered  as  Second-Class  matter,  October  29.  1932,  at  the  Post  Office  at  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879. 


THE    NAUTILUS 


THE  NAUTILUS: 

A  Quarterly  Journal  devoted  to  the  study  of  MoUusks,  edited  and  pub- 
lished by  Heney  a.  Pilsbrt  and  H,  Bubrington  Baker. 

Matter  for  publication  should  reach  the  senior  editor  by  the  first  of  the 
month  preceding  the  month  of  issue  (January,  April,  July  and  October). 
Typescript  should  ie  double  spaced.  Proofs  wUl  not  be  submitted  to  authors 
unless  requested. 

Eepbints  are  furnished  at  printer's  rates.      Orders  should  be  written 

ON  OR  ATTACHED  TO  FIRST  PAGE  OF  MANUSCRIPT. 

4  pp.  8  pp.  16  pp. 

50  copies  $3.70  5.40  7.60 

100  copies  4.10  6.00  8.50 

Additional  100s  75  1.20  1.80 

Covers:  50  for  $2.50;  additional  covers  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  per  hundred. 

Plates  (pasted  in) :  65  cents  for  50;  $1.20  for  100. 

The  Nautilus  is  the  official  organ  of  the  American  Malacological  Union. 
Information  regarding  membership  in  the  Union  may  be  obtained  from  Mrs, 
Imogene  C.  Robertson,  Financial  Secretary,  Buffalo  Museum  of  Science, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


EXCHANGE  NOTICES 

Wanted:  One  dollar  each  will  be  paid  for  July,  1938,  copies  of  The 
Nautilus.  Also  Wanted:  Back  Volumes  and  Numbers  of  The  Nauti- 
lus.    Especially  Vols,  3,  4,  18,  20,  21,  22,  23  and  24.     Address 

Horace  B.  Baker,  Zool.  Lab.  Univ.  Penna. 

Foe  Exchange:  Fifteen  varieties,  Florida  tree  snails  (Ligttus)  including 
three  of  the  rare  solidus,  to  exchange  for  Achatinella,  Amphidromus, 
Bulimulus,  Cochlostyla,  Orthalicus,  Porphyrobaphe  and  Placostylus. 
Send  your  list  to  Paul  P.  McGinty,  Boynton,  Florida. 

Wanted:  Pupillidae  preserved  in  alcohol  for  dissection. 

Prof.  C.  M.  Steenberg,  Univ.  of  Copenhagen,  Norregade  10,  Denmark. 

New  England  Coast  Shells  for  sale  or  exchange.  List  sent  on  request. 
List  of  foreign  shells  for  sale  on  request. 

Mrs.  F.  K.  Hadley,  88  Oliver  St.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

West  Coast  Shells  for  exchange.     My  list  sent  on  request. 

Tom  Burch,  1611  S.  Elena  Ave.,  Redondo  Beach,  Calif. 


THE    NAUTILUS  HI 


For  Exchange:  My  list  of  duplicate  shells,  personally  taken  in  South-Weat 

Mexico,  contains  some  rather  attractive  items.     Send  list  with  first  letter. 

B.  R.  Bales,  M.D.,  149  W.  Main  St.,  Circleville,  Ohio. 

For  Exchange  :   Native  material  for  live  land  mollusca,  especially  Cepaea 
nemoralis,  Otala  species,  and  Helix  aspcrsa. 

Glenn  R.  Webb,  5348  Ohmer  Ave.,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Philippine  marine  shells  in  wide  variety  and  large  quantities  for  specimen, 
decorative  and  commercial  purposes.  Please  describe  your  requirements  in 
detail,  advising  purpose  for  which  desired. 

P.  O.  Box  2410,  MANTLA,  Philippines 

SOUTHSEAS  SHELL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY 

P.  O.  Box  2410 

MANILA,  Philippines 

HANDBOOK  FOR  SHELL  COLLECTORS 

2,200  illustrations  and  descriptions,  prices  they  are  usually  sold  for  and  much 
other  valuable  matter.  How  to  properly  clean  shells,  approximate  number  of 
species  under  the  genera  treated.  Price  $2.50  prepaid.  Also  a  special  U.S.A. 
book  covering  marine  shells  on  both  coasts,  some  land  shells,  invertebrates, 
etc.,  paper  bound  only  $1.00. 

I  have  25,000  species  of  shells  in  stock  properly  classified  and  sold  for  the 
most  reasonable  prices.  Boxes  on  approval  and  selection  as  often  as  you  wish. 
Shells  have  been  my  hobby  since  1893  and  I  expect  I  have  followed  It  farther 
and  spent  more  real  cash  on  them  than  any  one  now  living  In  this  country. 
Let  me  hear  from  you  if  you  mean  business. 

Walter  F.  Webb 
202  Westminster  Road  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

MARINE  SHELLS  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST 
FLORIDA  COAST 

By 
Louise  M.  Perry 

Chapters  on  generalia,  collection  and  preparation  of  specimens;  with  clear, 
definitive  descriptions  of  species  and  thirty-nine  plates  engraved  from  photo- 
graphs of  specimens. 

Copies  may  be  ordered  from — 

THE  PALEONTOLOGICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTION 

126  Kelvin  Place,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

(Paper  cover,  $.''...")();  cloth  bound,  $4.50) 


WORLD-WIDE  SEA  SHELLS  by  Maxwell  Smith 

Now  ready 
Illustrations  of  more  than  1600  species,  1900  separate  figures,  151  pages, 
special  features,  map,  cloth  bound,  $4.50  postpaid  in  United  States.     Sample 
pages  free. 

MAXWELL  SMITH, 
Lantana,  Florida 


IV  THE    NAUTILUS 


123  Years  of  Research 

LAND    MOLLUSCA    OF 
NORTH    AMERICA 

(NORTH  OF  MEXICO) 
By  henry  a.  PILSBRY 

Since  1817  when  Thomas  Say's  papers  appeared  in  the  first 
volume  of  its  "Journal,"  the  Academy  has  occupied  an  outstand- 
ing position  in  increasing  the  world's  knowledge  of  Mollusks.  As 
the  years  followed.  Haldeman,  Conrad,  Isaac  Lea  and  Tryon  car- 
ried on  in  Say's  steps. 

In  1887  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbrj'  succeeded  Trj'on  as  Curator  of 
Mollusks,  and  during  the  past  52  years  has  carried  forward  the 
Academy's  traditional  position  as  a  center  of  conchological  dis- 
coveries. During  these  years  his  researches  have  so  broadened 
our  knowledge  of  the  phylogeny  and  classification  of  land  mol- 
lusks that  the  Joseph  Leidy  Medal  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
recognition  of  his  discoveries. 

Toda}',  the  Academy  takes  pleasure  in  announcing  the  publi- 
cation of  "Land  Mollusca  of  North  America  (North  of  Mexico)  " 
by  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbry,  the  first  comprehensive  treatment  of 
this  subject  in  half  a  century.  Here  are  presented  the  sum- 
marized conclusions  of  over  fifty  years  of  field  and  laboratory 
investigations  by  an  outstanding  authority  on  the  subject.  Pre- 
viously unpublished  observations,  descriptions  of  new  genera  and 
species  as  well  as  vitally  important  original  drawings  of  the  soft 
anatomy  make  the  volumes  comprising  this  Monograph  indis- 
pensable to  students  of  land  mollusks. 

The  two  volumes  are  offered  by  subscription  for  $25.00, 
payable  proportionately  as  each  section  is  issued. 

Volume  I  (divided  into  two  Parts)  will  treat  the  helicoid  mol- 
lusks while  Volume  II  will  cover  the  remaining  terrestrial  groups. 

Volume  I,  Part  One  (issued  Dec  G.  1{);W)  by  suliscription. 
$7.50;  if  purt'liased  separately,  $10.00.  Volume  I.  Part  Two 
(issued  August  1,  1940)  by  subscrijitiou  $7.50.  if  purchased  sepa- 
rately $8.00.  Volume  11  (in  preparation)  by  subscrijition  $10.00. 
if  purciuised  separatel}'  $12.00. 

For  sale  by 

THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF 
PHILADELPHIA 

19Tn  Street  and  the  Parkway 
Philadelphia,  Penna. 


Vol.  55 OCTOl^KU,  llUl No.  2 

NAUTILUS,^, 

A  QUARTERLY  ^C<N^^^-~-^ 

DEVOTED  TO  THE  INTERESTS  OF  CONCHOLOGIST/^"^  zifo^^^- ^ 

EDITORS    AND    PUBLISHERS  /  /X     '^  •"* 

HENRT  A.  PILSBRY,  Curator  of  the  Department  of  Mollusci^  I  L  I  B  R  ' 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia  [  ;^  I  I.  I  &  r\  < 

H.  BDRRINGTON  BAKER,  Professor  of  Zoology.  y*^ 

University  of  Pennsylvania  \C^  \.    .  >/  rs.^ 

CONTENTS  ^"^ 

A  Genus  and  Family  of  Marine  Mollusks  New  to  the  United 

States.     By  Jeanne  8.  Schwcngel 37 

Notes  on  the  Genus  Lajrochilus  Blanford,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  its  Chinese  Species.     By  Teng-Chien  Yen 40 

Notes  on  Florida  Mollusca,  with  Descriptions  of  Two  New 

Varieties.     By  Ted  Bayer 43 

Notes  on  Epitonium    (Nitidoscala)    Tinctum    (Carpenter). 

By  A.  M.  Strong _ 46 

A  Survey  of  the  West  American  Aligenas  wnth  a  Description 

of  a  New  Species.     By  I^om  Burch 48 

Outline  of  American   Oleacininae  and  New  Species  from 

Mexico.     By  H.  Burrington  Baker 51 

The  Michigan  Arion  Circumscriptus  Colony.     By  Glenn  R. 

Webh 61 

Publications  Received _ _ 62 

Notes  and  News  64 

The  Eleventh  Annual  Meetinpr  of  the  American  Malacological 

Union.     By  Imogene  C.  Robertson 70 


$2.00  per  year       (S2.15  to  Foreign  Countries)       50  cents  a  copy 

HORACE  B.  BAKER,  Busineea  Manager 

Zoological  Laboratory,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

38th  and  Woodland  Avenue,  Philadelphia.  Pa. 

Entered  as  Second-Class  matter,  October  29,  1932,  at  the  Post  Office  at  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  under  the  Act  of  March  3.  1879. 


11  THE    NAUTILUS 


THE  NAUTILUS: 

A  Quarterly  Journal  devoted  to  the  study  of  Mollusks,  edited  and  pub- 
lished by  Henry  A.  Pilsbet  and  H.  Burrington  Baker. 

Matter  for  publication  should  reach  the  senior  editor  by  the  first  of  the 
month  preceding  the  month  of  issue  (January,  April,  July  and  October). 
Typescript  should  be  double  spaced.  Proofs  will  not  be  submitted  to  authors 
unless  requested. 

Keprints  are  furnished  at  printer's  rates.     Orders  should  be  written 

ON  OE  ATTACHED  TO  FIRST  PAGE  OF  MANUSCRIPT. 

4  pp.  8  pp.  16  pp. 

50  copies  $3.70  5.40  7.60 

100  copies  4.10  6,00  8.50 

Additional  100s  75  1.20  1.80 

Covers:  50  for  $2.50;  additional  covers  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  per  hundred. 

Plates  (pasted  in)  :  65  cents  for  50;  $1.20  for  100, 

The  Nautilus  is  the  oflScial  organ  of  the  American  Malacological  Union. 
Information  regarding  membership  in  the  Union  may  be  obtained  from  Mrs. 
Imogene  C.  Robertson,  Financial  Secretary,  Buffalo  Museum  of  Science, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


EXCHANGE  NOTICES 

Wanted:  One  dollar  each  will  be  paid  for  July,  1938,  copies  of  The 
Nautilus.  Also  Wanted:  Back  Volumes  and  Numbers  of  The  Nauti- 
lus.    Especially  Vols,  3,  4,  18,  20,  21,  22,  23  and  24.     Address 

Horace  B.  Baker,  Zool.  Lab.  Univ.  Penna. 

Foe  Exchange:  Fifteen  varieties,  Florida  tree  snails  (Liguus)  including 
three  of  the  rare  solidus,  to  exchange  for  Aehatinella,  .\mphidromu8, 
Bulimulus,  Cochlostyla,  Orthalicus,  Porphyrobaphe  and  Placostylus. 
Send  your  list  to  Paul  P,  McGinty,  Boynton,  Florida. 

Wanted:  Pupillidae  preserved  in  alcohol  for  dissection. 

Prof,  C,  M.  Steienbero,  Univ,  of  Copenhagen,  Norregado  10,  Denmark. 

New  England  Coast  Shells  for  sale  or  exchange.  List  sent  on  request. 
List  of  foreign  shells  for  sale  on  request. 

Mrs.  F.  K,  Hadley,  88  Oliver  St.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

West  Coast  Shells  for  exchange.     My  list  sent  on  request. 

Tom  Burch,  1611  S.  Elena  Ave.,  Redondo  Beach,  Calif, 


THE   NAUTILUS  iii 


For  EIxcnANOE:  My  list  of  duplicate  shells,  personally  taken  in  South-Weat 

Mexico,  contains  some  rather  attractive  itoms.     Send  list  with  lirst  letter. 

B.  R.  Bales,  M.U.,  149  \V.  Main  St.,  Circluville,  Ohio. 

Fob  Exchange:  Native  material  for  live  land  mollusca,  especially  Cepaea 
nemoralis,  Otala  species,  and  Helix  aspersa. 

Glenn  R.  Webb,  5348  Ohmer  Ave.,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Philippine  marine  shells  in  wide  variety  and  large  quantities  for  specimen, 
decorative  and  commercial  purposes.  Please  describe  your  requirements  in 
detail,  advising  purpose  for  which  desired. 

P.  O.  Box  2410,  MANILA,  Philippines 

SOUTHSEAS  SHELL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY 

P.  O.  Box  2410 

MANILA,  Philippines 

HANDBOOK  FOR  SHELL  COLLECTORS 

2,200  illustrations  and  descriptions,  prices  they  are  usually  sold  for  and  much 
other  valuable  matter.  How  to  properly  clean  shells,  approximate  number  of 
species  under  the  genera  treated.  Price  $2.50  prepaid.  Also  a  special  U.S.A. 
book  covering  marine  sholls  on  both  coasts,  some  land  shells,  Invertebrates, 
etc.,  paper  bound  only  $1.00. 

I  have  25.000  species  of  shells  in  stock  properly  classified  and  sold  for  the 
most  reasonable  prices.  Boxes  on  approval  and  selection  as  often  as  you  wl.sh. 
Shells  have  been  my  hobby  since  1893  and  I  expect  I  have  followed  it  farther 
and  spent  more  real  cash  on  them  than  any  one  now  living  In  this  country. 
Let  me  hear  from  you  if  you  mean  business. 

Walter  F.  Webb 
2oa  Westminster  Road  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

MARINE  SHELLS  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST 
FLORIDA  COAST 

By 

Louise  M.  Perry 

Chapters  on  generalia,  collection  and  preparation  of  specimens;  with  clear, 
definitive  descriptions  of  species  and  thirty-nine  plates  engraved  from  photo- 
graphs of  specimens. 

Copies  may  be  ordered  from — 

THE  PALEONTOLOGICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTION 
126  Kelvin  Place,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

(Paper  cover,  $3.50;  cloth  bound,  $4.50) 

WORLD-WIDE  SEA  SHELLS  by  Maxwell  Smith 

Now  ready 
Illustrations  of  more  than  1600  species,  1900  separate  figures,  151  pages, 
special  features,  map,  cloth  bound,  $4.50  postpaid  in  United  States.     Sample 
pages  free. 

MAXWELL  SMITH, 
Lantana,  Florida 


IV  THE    NAUTILUS 


123  Years  of  Research 

LAND    MOLLUSCA    OF 
NORTH    AMERICA 

(NORTH  OF  MEXICO) 
By  HENKY  a.  PILSBRY 

Since  1817  when  Thomas  Say's  papers  appeared  in  the  first 
volume  of  its  "Journal,"  the  Academy  has  occupied  an  outstand- 
ing position  in  increasing  the  world 's  knowledge  of  Mollusks.  As 
the  years  followed,  Haldeman,  Conrad,  Isaac  Lea  and  Tryon  car- 
ried on  in  Say's  steps. 

In  1887  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbry  succeeded  Tryon  as  Curator  of 
Mollusks,  and  during  the  past  52  years  has  carried  forward  the 
Academy's  traditional  position  as  a  center  of  conchological  dis- 
coveries. During  these  years  his  researches  have  so  broadened 
our  knowledge  of  the  phylogeny  and  classification  of  land  mol- 
lusks that  the  Joseph  Leidy  Medal  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
recognition  of  his  discoveries. 

Today,  the  Academy  takes  pleasure  in  announcing  the  publi- 
cation of  "Land  MoUusca  of  North  America  (North  of  Mexico) " 
by  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbry,  the  first  comprehensive  treatment  of 
this  subject  in  half  a  century.  Here  are  presented  the  sum- 
marized conclusions  of  over  fifty  years  of  field  and  laboratory 
investigations  by  an  outstanding  authority  on  the  subject.  Pre- 
viously unpublished  observations,  descriptions  of  new  genera  and 
species  as  wejl  as  vitally  important  original  drawings  of  the  soft 
anatomy  make  the  volumes  comprising  this  Monograph  indis- 
pensable to  students  of  land  mollusks. 

The  two  volumes  are  offered  by  subscription  for  $25.00, 
payable  proportionately  as  each  section  is  issued. 

Volume  I  (divided  into  two  Parts)  will  treat  the  helicoid  mol- 
lusks while  Volume  II  will  cover  the  remaining  terrestrial  groups. 

Volume  I,  Part  One  (issued  Dee.  6,  1939)  by  subscription, 
$7.50;  if  purchased  separately,  $10.00.  Volume  I,  Part  Two 
(issued  August  1.  1940)  by  subscription  $7.50,  if  purchased  sepa- 
rately $8.00.  Volume  II  (in  preparation)  by  subscription  $10.00, 
if  purchased  separately  $12.00. 

For  sale  by 

THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF 
PHILADELPHIA 

19Tn  Street  and  the  Parkway 
PuiLADELrniA,  Penna. 


Vol.  'yo JANUAUV,  1042 No.  8 

NAUTILUS 

A  QUARTERLY  ; 

DEVOTED  TO  THE  INTERESTS  OF  CONCHOLOGIST^ 

EDITORS    AND    PCBLISHEnS 

HENRY  A.  PILSBRY,  Curator  of  the  Department  of  Mollusci,^ 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  Philadelphia 

n.  BURRINGTOX  BAKER,  Professor  of  Zoology, 
University  of  Pennsylvania 


CONTENTS 


A  Remarkable  Development  of  Pseudosculpture  on  a  Bivalve. 

By  William  J.  Clench  73 

A  Psychiatrist's  Note  on  Shells.    By  Merrill  Moore,  M.D.  75 

Observations  on  Mitra  florida  Gould.     By  Ted  Bayer 78 

Observations  on  the  Feeding  of  Acolidia  papillosa  L.,  with 
Notes  on  the  Hatching  of  the  Veligers  of  Cuthona 
amoena  A.  &  H.    By  Henry  D.  Russell  80 

The  American  Species  of  Vivipariis.    By  Calvin  Goodrich  ...    82 

Olivella  pycna.    By  D.  S.  and  E.  W.  Gifford 92 

First  Record  of  Bartlettia  in  Paraguay.     By  Alberto  Car- 

celles  93 

Pine  "Woods  as  Adequate  Habitat  Types  for  Land  Mollusca. 

By  Allan  F.  Archer 94 

Zoogcnetcs  harpa  (Say)  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.    By  Phil 

L.  Marsh  97 

Food  Habits  of  Haplotrema  minimum  Ancey  and  Habits  of 
Associated  Mollusks  on  the  Mills  College  Campus.  'Ry 
William  Marcus  Ingram  98 

Notes  and  News  102 

Publications  Received  107 


$2.00  per  year      (§2.15  to  Foreign  Countries)       SO  cents  a  copy 

HORACE  B.  BAKER.  liuHinrHn  Manaper 

Zoolocical  Laboratory.  I'nlverslty  of  Pennsylvania, 

38th  and  Woodland  Avenue,  Philadelphia.  Pa. 

Entered  as  Second-Class  matter,  October  29,  1932.  at  the  Post  Office  at  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  under  the  Act  of  March  3.  1879. 


U  THE    NAUTILUS 


THE  NAUTILUS: 

A  Quarterly  Journal  devoted  to  the  study  of  Mollusks,  edited  and  pub- 
lished by  Henrt  a.  Pilsbky  and  H.  Buekixgton  Baker. 

Matter  for  publication  should  reach  the  senior  editor  by  the  first  of  the 
month  preceding  the  month  of  issue  (January,  AprU,  July  and  October). 
Typescript  should  be  double  spaced.  Proofs  will  not  be  submitted  to  authors 
unless  requested. 

Eeprints  are  furnished  at  printer's  rates.      Orders  should  be  written 

ON  OE  attached  to  FIRST  PAGE  OF  MANUSCRIPT. 

4  pp.  8  pp.  16  pp. 

50  copies  $3.70  5.40         7.60 

100  copies  4.10  6.00         8.50 

Additional  lOOs  75  1.20         1.80 

Covers:  50  for  $2.50;  additional  covers  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  per  hundred. 

Plates  (pasted  in) :  65  cents  for  50;  $1.20  for  100. 

The  Nautilus  is  the  official  organ  of  the  American  Malacological  Union. 
Information  regarding  membership  in  the  Union  may  be  obtained  from  Mrs. 
Imogene  C.  Robertson,  Financial  Secretary,  Buffalo  Museum  of  Science, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


EXCHANGE  NOTICES 

Wanted:  One  dollar  each  will  be  paid  for  July,  1938,  copies  of  The 
Nautilus.  Also  Wanted:  Back  Volumes  and  Numbers  of  The  Nauti- 
lus.    Especially  Vols,  3,  4,  18,  20,  21,  22,  23  and  24.     Address 

Horace  B.  Bakek,  Zool.  Lab.  Univ.  Penna. 

Foe  Exchange:  Fifteen  varieties,  Florida  tree  snails  (Liguits)  including 
three  of  the  rare  solidus,  to  exchange  for  Actiatinclla.  Amphidromus, 
Bulimulus,  Cochlostyla,  Orthalicus,  Porphyrohaphe  and  Placostylus. 
Send  your  list  to  Paul  P.  McGinty,  Boynton,  Florida. 

Wanted:  Pupillidae  preserved  in  alcohol  for  dissection. 

Prof.  C.  M.  Steenbero,  Univ.  of  Copenhagen,  Norregade  10,  Denmark. 

New  England  Coast  Shells  for  sale  or  exchange.  List  sent  on  request. 
List  of  foreign  shells  for  sale  on  request. 

Mrs.  F.  K.  Hadley,  88  Oliver  St.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

West  Coast  Shells  for  exchange.    My  list  sent  on  request. 

Tom  Burch,  1611  S.  Elena  Ave.,  Redondo  Reach,  Calif. 


THE    NAUTILUS  Ml 


For  Exchange:  My  list  of  duplicate  shells,  personally  taken  in  South-West 

Mexico,  contains  some  rather  attractive  iti'ins.     Send  list  with  firHt  letter. 

B.  R.  Bales,  M.D.,  149  VV.  Main  St.,  Circlevillc,  Ohio. 

Fob  Exchanoe:   Native  material  for  live  land  mollusca,  especially  Cepaea 
nemoralis,  Otala  species,  and  Helix  aspersa. 

Glenn  R.  Webb,  5348  Ohmer  Ave.,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Philippine  marine  shells  in  wide  variety  and  large  quantities  for  specimen, 
decorative  and  commercial  purposes.  Please  describe  your  requirements  in 
detail,  advising  purjtosc  for  wliii-h  desired. 

SOUTHSEAS  SHELL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY 

P.  O.  Box  2410 

MANILA,  Philippines 

HANDBOOK  FOR  SHELL  COLLECTORS 

2,200  illustrations  and  descriptions,  prices  they  are  usually  sold  for  and  much 
other  valuable  matter.  How  to  properly  eloan  shells,  approximate  number  of 
species  under  the  genera  treated.  Price  $2.50  prepaid.  Also  a  special  U.S.A. 
book  covering  marine  slu'lls  on  both  coasts,  some  land  shells,  invertebrates, 
etc.,  pa|>er  bound  only  $1.00, 

I  have  25.000  species  of  shells  in  stock  properly  classified  and  sold  for  the 
most  reasonable  prices.  Ko.xes  on  approval  and  selection  as  often  as  you  wish. 
Shells  have  been  my  hobby  since  181)3  and  I  expect  I  have  followed  it  farther 
and  spent  more  real  casli  on  them  than  any  one  now  living  in  this  country. 
Let  me  hear  from  you  if  you  mean  bu.sincss. 

Walter  F.  Webb 
2oa  Westminster  Road  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

MARINE  SHELLS  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST 
FLORIDA  COAST 

By 
Louise  M.  Perry 

Chapters  on  generalia,  collection  and  preparation  of  specimens;  with  clear, 
definitive  descriptions  of  species  and  thirty-nine  plates  engraved  from  photo- 
graphs of  specimens. 

Copies  may  be  ordered  from — 

THE  PALEONTOLOGICAIi  RESEARCH  INSTITUTION 
126  Kelvin  Place,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

(Paper  cover,  $3.50;  cloth  bound,  $4.50) 

WORLD-WIDE  SEA  SHELLS  by  Maxwell  Smith 

Now  ready 
Illustrations  of  more  than  1600  species,  1900  separate  figures,  151  pages, 
special  features,  map,  cloth  bound,  $4,50  postpaid  in  United  States.     Sample 
pages  free. 

MAXWELL  SMITH, 
Lantana,  Florida 


IV  THE   NAUTILUS 


123  Years  of  Research 

LAND    MOLLUSCA    OF 
NORTH    AMERICA 

(NORTH  OF  MEXICO) 
By  henry  a.  PILSBRY 

Since  1817  when  Thomas  Say's  papers  appeared  in  the  first 
volume  of  its  "Journal,"  the  Academy  has  occupied  an  outstand- 
ing position  in  increasing  the  world 's  knowledge  of  Mollusks.  As 
the  years  followed,  Haldeman,  Conrad,  Isaac  Lea  and  Tryon  car- 
ried on  in  Say's  steps. 

In  1887  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbry  succeeded  Tryon  as  Curator  of 
Mollusks,  and  during  the  past  52  years  has  carried  forward  the 
Academy's  traditional  position  as  a  center  of  conchological  dis- 
coveries. During  these  years  his  researches  have  so  broadened 
our  knowledge  of  the  phylogeny  and  classification  of  land  mol- 
lusks that  the  Joseph  Leidy  Medal  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
recognition  of  his  discoveries. 

Today,  the  Academy  takes  pleasure  in  announcing  the  publi- 
cation of  "Land  Mollusca  of  North  America  (North  of  Mexico)  " 
by  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbry,  the  first  comprehensive  treatment  of 
this  subject  in  half  a  century.  Here  are  presented  the  sum- 
marized conclusions  of  over  fifty  years  of  field  and  laboratory 
investigations  by  an  outstanding  authority  on  the  subject.  Pre- 
viously unpublished  observations,  descriptions  of  new  genera  and 
species  as  well  as  vitally  important  original  drawings  of  the  soft 
anatomy  make  the  volumes  comprising  this  Monograpli  indis- 
pensable to  students  of  land  mollusks. 

The  two  volumes  are  offered  by  subscription  for  $25.00, 
payable  proportionately  as  each  section  is  issued. 

Volume  I  (divided  into  two  Parts)  will  treat  the  helicoid  mol- 
lusks while  Volume  II  will  cover  the  remaining  terrestrial  groups. 

Volume  I,  Part  One  (issued  Dec.  6,  1939)  by  subscription, 
$7.50;  if  purchased  separately,  $10.00.  Volume  I,  Part  Two 
(issued  August  1,  1940)  by  subscription  $7.50,  if  purchased  sepa- 
rately $8.00.  Volume  II  (in  preparation)  by  subscription  $10.00, 
if  purchased  separately  $12.00. 

For  sale  by 

THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF 
PHILADELPHIA 

19tii  Strket  and  the  Parkway 

PlIILADELPUIA,   PeNNA. 


V^ol.  55 APRIL,  1042 No.  4 

T  H  F 

NAUTILUS 

A  QUARTERLY 
DEVOTED  TO  THE  INTERESTS  OF  C0NCH0L0GIST8         "^  / 

EDITORS    AND    PDBLISHEBS  ,   J^    '*  /  Q~  ^!^    V^^ 

HENRY  A.  PILSBRY,  Curator  of  the  Department  of  Mollugca^"  /^    ''••d'^fc'  ^^  ^ 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia  " '  I  I    I  i9  •  A  B  V  I  ^^ 

H.  BURRINGTON  BAKER,  Professor  of  Zoology,       ••'3S.  I  *"AKYI  SC 

University  of  Pennsylvania  y^*  \       '^.-#^!.»,.       /  -^ 

CONTENTS  ^^^--JL-^' 

The  Habits  of  Life  of  Some  West  Coast  Bivalves.    By  Dr. 

Fritz  Haas  109 

Collecting  in  Mexico.    By  A.  Sorensen 113 

Observations  Upon  a  Florida  Form  of  Viviparus.    By  Calvin 

Goodrich  115 

Certain  Remarks  About  Labels.    By  Calvin  Goodrich 119 

Four  New  Gastropods  from  the  Gulf  of  California.     By  J. 

Wyatt  Durham  120 

Supplementary  Notes  on  the  Food  of  the  Limpkin.     By 

Clarence  Cottam  125 

A  New  Gyraulus  from  the  Pleistocene  of  California  and 
A  New  Parapholyx  from  a  Supposed  Pliocene  Deposit 
in  Oregon.    By  Frank  C.  Baker 130 

Excursions  to  Lake  Baical.    By  W.  J.  Eyerdam 133 

Ida  Shepard  Oldroyd 140 

Notes  and  News 141 


$2.00  per  year      ($2.15  to  Foreign  Countries)       50  cents  a  copy 

HORACE  B.  BAKER.  Busineat  Manager 

Zoolofncal  Laboratory.  University  of  Pennsylvania, 

38th  and  Woodland  Avenue,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Entered  as  Second-CTass  matter,  October  20,  1932.  at  the  Post  Office  at  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879. 


U  THE   NAUTILUS 


THE  NAUTILUS: 

A  Quarterly  Journal  devoted  to  the  study  of  Mollusks,  edited  and  pub- 
lished by  Henrt  a.  Pilsbey  and  H.  Bueeington  Bakee. 

Matter  for  publication  should  reach  the  senior  editor  by  the  first  of  the 
month  preceding  the  month  of  issue  (January,  April,  July  and  October). 
Typescript  should  be  double  spaced.  Proofs  will  not  be  submitted  to  authors 
unless  requested. 

Repeints  are  furnished  at  printer's  rates.      Oedees  should  be  weitten 

ON  OE  ATTACHED  TO  FIRST  PAGE  OF  MANUSCEIPT. 

4  pp.  8  pp.  16  pp. 

50  copies  $3.70  5.40  7.60 

100  copies  4.10  6.00  8.50 

Additional  lOOs  75  1.20  1.80 

Covers:  50  for  $2.50;  additional  covers  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  per  hundred. 

Plates  (pasted  in)  :  65  cents  for  50 ;  $1.20  for  100. 

The  Nautilus  is  the  official  organ  of  the  American  Malacological  Union. 
Information  regarding  membership  in  the  Union  may  be  obtained  from  Mrs. 
Imogene  C.  Robertson,  Financial  Secretary,  Buffalo  Museum  of  Science, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


EXCHANGE  NOTICES 

Wanted:  One  dollar  each  will  be  paid  for  July,  1938,  copies  of  The 
Nautilus.  Also  Wanted:  Back  Volumes  and  Numbers  of  The  Nauti- 
lus.    Especially  Vols,  3,  4,  18,  20,  21,  22,  23  and  24.     Address 

Horace  B.  Bakee,  Zool.  Lab.  Univ.  Penna. 

Fob  Exchange:  Fifteen  varieties,  Florida  tree  snails  (Liguus)  including 
three  of  the  rare  solidus,  to  exchange  for  Achatinella,  Amphidromus, 
Bulimulus,  Cochlostyla,  Orthalicus,  Porphyrobaphe  and  Placostylus. 
Send  your  list  to  Paul  P.  McGintt,  Boynton,  Florida. 

Wanted:  Pupillidae  preserved  in  alcohol  for  dissection. 

Prof.  C.  M.  Steenberq,  Univ.  of  Copenhagen,  Niirregade  10,  Denmark. 

New  England  Coast  Shells  for  sale  or  exchange.  List  sent  on  request. 
List  of  foreign  shells  for  sale  on  request. 

Mrs.  F.  K.  IIadley,  88  Oliver  St.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

West  Coast  Shells  for  exchange.     My  list  sent  on  request. 

Tom  Burch,  IGllS.  Elena  Ave.,  Redondo  Beach,  Calif. 


TUE   NAUTILUS  iU 


For  Exchange:  My  list  of  duplicate  shells,  personally  taken  in  Routli-Wcst 

Mexico,  contains  some  rather  attractive  items.     Send  list  with  lirst  letter. 

B.  R.  Bales,  M.D.,  149  W.  Main  St.,  Circleviile,  Ohio. 

For  Exchange:   Native  material  for  live  land  mollusca,  especially  Cepaea 
nemoralis,  Otala  species,  and  Helix  aspersa. 

Glenn  K.  Webb,  5348  Ohmer  Ave.,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Philippine  marine  shells  in  wide  variety  and  large  quantities  for  specimen, 
decorative  and  commercial  purposes.  Please  describe  your  requirements  in 
detail,  advising  purpose  for  which  desired. 

SOUTHSEAS  SHELL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY 

P.  O.  Box  2410 

MANILA,  Philippines 

HANDBOOK  FOR  SHELL  COLLECTORS 

2.200  illustrations  and  descriptions,  prices  they  are  usually  sold  for  and  much 
other  valuable  matter.  How  to  properly  clean  shells,  api)roximate  number  of 
species  under  the  genera  treated.  Price  $2.50  prepaid.  Also  a  special  U.S.A. 
book  covering  marine  shells  on  both  coasts,  some  land  shells,  invertebrates, 
etc.,  paper  bound  only  $1.00. 

I  have  25.000  species  of  shells  in  stock  properly  classified  and  sold  for  the 
most  reasonable  prices.  Boxes  on  approval  and  selection  as  often  as  you  wish. 
Shells  have  been  my  hobby  since  1893  and  I  expect  I  have  followed  it  farther 
and  spent  more  real  cash  on  them  than  any  one  now  living  in  this  country. 
Let  me  bear  from  you  if  you  mean  business. 

Walter  F.  Webb 
202  Westminster  Road  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

MARINE  SHELLS  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST 
FLORIDA  COAST 

By 
Louise  M.  Perry 

Chapters  on  generalia,  collection  and  preparation  of  specimens ;  with  clear, 
definitive  descriptions  of  species  and  thirty-nine  plates  engraved  from  photo- 
graphs of  specimens. 

Copies  may  be  ordered  from — 

THE  PALEONTOLOGICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTION 

126  Kelvin  Place,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
(Paper  cover,  $3.50;  cloth  bound,  $4.50) 

WORLD-WIDE  SEA  SHELLS  by  Maxwell  Smith 

Now  ready 

Illustrations  of  more  than  1600  species,  1900  separate  figures,  151  pages, 
special  features,  map,  cloth  bound,  $4.50  postpaid  in  United  States.  Sample 
pages  free. 

MAXWELL  SMITH. 
Lant£ina,  Florida 


IV  THE   NAUTILUS 


123  Years  of  Research 

LAND    MOLLUSCA    OF 
NORTH   AMERICA 

(NORTH  OF  MEXICO) 
By  henry  a.  PILSBRY 

Since  1817  when  Thomas  Say's  papers  appeared  in  the  first 
volume  of  its  "Journal,"  the  Academy  has  occupied  an  outstand- 
ing position  in  increasing  the  world 's  knowledge  of  MoUusks.  As 
the  years  followed,  Haldeman,  Conrad,  Isaac  Lea  and  Tryon  car- 
ried on  in  Say's  steps. 

In  1887  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbry  succeeded  Tryon  as  Curator  of 
Mollusks,  and  during  the  past  52  years  has  carried  forward  the 
Academy's  traditional  position  as  a  center  of  conchological  dis- 
coveries. During  these  years  his  researches  have  so  broadened 
our  knowledge  of  the  phylogeny  and  classification  of  land  mol- 
lusks that  the  Joseph  Leidy  Medal  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
recognition  of  his  discoveries. 

Today,  the  Academy  takes  pleasure  in  announcing  the  publi- 
cation of  "Land  Mollusca  of  North  America  (North  of  Mexico)  " 
by  Dr.  Henry  A.  Pilsbry,  the  first  comprehensive  treatment  of 
this  subject  in  half  a  century.  Here  are  presented  the  sum- 
marized conclusions  of  over  fifty  years  of  field  and  laboratory 
investigations  by  an  outstanding  authority  on  the  subject.  Pre- 
viously unpublished  observations,  descriptions  of  new  genera  and 
species  as  well  as  vitally  important  original  drawings  of  the  soft 
anatomy  make  the  volumes  comprising  this  Monograph  indis- 
pensable to  students  of  land  mollusks. 

The  two  volumes  are  offered  by  subscription  for  $25.00, 
payable  proportionately  as  each  section  is  issued. 

Volume  I  (divided  into  two  Parts)  will  treat  the  helicoid  mol- 
lusks while  Volume  II  will  cover  the  remaining  terrestrial  groups. 

Volume  I,  Part  One  (issued  Dec.  6,  1939)  by  subscription, 
$7.50;  if  purchased  separately,  $10.00.  Volume  I,  Part  Two 
(issued  August  1,  1940)  by  subscription  $7.50,  if  purchased  sepa- 
rately $8.00.  Volume  II  (in  preparation)  by  subscription  $10.00, 
if  purchased  separately  $12.00. 

For  sale  by 

THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OP 
PHILADELPHIA 

19th  Street  and  the  Parkway 
Philadelphia,  Penna. 


Mill     UHol    I  IMM  \in 


UH     17XE     I